1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Teff row planting is an agronomic practice used to place Teff seeds (very small size) in rows of about 20cm apart and at predetermined depth with sufficient cover of firm soil.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Teff is a staple crop in Ethiopia and used to make 'Injera'. Teff is commonly planted in broadcast technique with a seed rate of 25-30 kg per hectare. This practice results in high competition for nutrient and water, lodging and low productivity (on average 1 ton/ha). Teff row planting is a newly adopted planting method applied for small size seeds of Teff grain. The row planting technique reduces the seed rate from 25kg/ha to 5-8 kg per hectare, ease the weed management, reduce lodging problem, and lessen plant density and then competition for sunlight, nutrient and water. It is practiced on Teff growing soils except on heavy clay soils or Vertisols where it is difficult to prepare defined rows due to the extreme swelling nature of the soil under near saturation moisture condition. However, under optimum soil moisture (45-50%) it is possible to place seeds in row using manual seed drill in black soils with clay texture. The technique is not perfectly working on stony fields. Seed application is possible using locally available plastic bottles with needle size opening to drop seeds, and newly manufactured seed drill pulled by one person.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose to practice Teff row planting is to reduce plant density or population per unit area and thereby increase productivity. It also aim to reduce the lodging problem. Additional advantage of row planting for small grain crop, there is some extent of labor reduction for weeding to some extent.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Teff row planting technique applies on fine seed bed after 3-5 tillage frequency using local ard plough called maresha pulled by pair of oxen. Once the seed bed is finely prepared, first using local adopted application tools like plastic bottles or hand metering the farmer prepares seed rate of 5-8 kg per hectare mixed with proportional sand (approximately seed to sand ratio of 1:3) - it is difficult to manage uniform application and even distribution by applying the seed alone. He applies along the row and step on to cover the seed and compact it. Similarly, fertilizer is applied in the same way. Second option, after the preparation of fine seed bed, seed application is facilitated using drum type manual seed drill (of weight 21 kg) manufactured by Bahir Dar Agricultural Mechanization and Food Science Research Center (BAMFSRC) having 3 rows of 20cm apart, average depth and width of planting furrow equals to 3.6 cm and 6.4 cm and operating at field capacity of 0.06ha/hr. The drill can apply 3-6 kg/ha seed rate and pulled by one person. At tillering stage urea is top dressed. The technique requires 50-60 person days per hectare to apply seed and fertilizer using hand metering/bottles compared to 2-4 person days per hectare using drum type seed drill. Labor requirement for weeding is also reduced by using row planting than broadcast method.

Natural / human environment: Teff grows on wider environment of altitude range 1800-2600 m above sea level. It performs well with annual rainfall of 750-850 mm and temperature of 10-27 degree Celsius. In fact, there are varieties with short growing period adapted under low rainfall conditions. The row planting technique applies commonly on red clay soils having high water holding capacity. The technique potentially applies on slopes ranging from 0-10% with low stone cover.

Teff row planting using manual seed application or hand metering technique can easily be practiced by households having large family labor. Farm households who used the manual seed drill of drum type should have the capacity to afford the seed drill and able to buy fertilizer. Teff is produced for food and market. It has a good price for sale.

Although teff has high market price in country as well as an emerging export market potential, it is produced annually by subsistence farmers. The land holding is small to meet their family food demands. Their wealth condition ranges poor to average characterized with low agricultural advisory, market and water supply services and inadequate infrastructures. Energy supply is relied on biomass energy. Rural education and health services are improved. Rural unemployment and landless populations are at high rates. In general, the well being of the rural people is under poor condition.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

Teff row planting technique was started in research stations 10 to20 years ago. The technique is extended to large number of farmers' field since 2011 through the scale up program of the Ministry of Agriculture. For instance, in 2013 the Amhara region planned to cover 20-30% of teff growing fields.

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

• 一年一作

• teff

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180Longest growing period from month to month: July to December

牧场

• Livestock is grazing on crop residues

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Major land use problems are soil erosion by water, soil nutrient depletion, gully erosion, steep slope cultivation, land fragmentation, and inappropriate runoff drainage practices like drainage ditches on cultivated fields.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Land users commonly specify soil erosion by water, shallow soil depth or soil depletion, low productivity of the soil, scarcity of water, and shortage of grazing land or pasture.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

• A1：植被和土壤覆盖层

注释:

Type of agronomic measures: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

物理性土壤退化

• Pc：压实
• Pk：熟化和结壳

注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Teff fields are tilled 4-5 times and heavily trampled/compacted by livestock before sowing)

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Heavy rainfall cause high runoff and then erosion. It also create sealing effect on the soil surface)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

A sketch describing Teff row planting

Location: Aba Gerima, Debre Mewi, Debre Yacob, Gosh Learning. West Gojam/ Amhara Region

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Because of its small seed size, the method requires knowledge of the soil where it performs well and at what depth the seed is placed so that there is high germination and minimizing lodging problem)

Technical knowledge required for land users: high (The land user has to develop capacity and skills on the specific soil and slope conditions where row planting performs well, spacing of rows, depth of furrow and seed quantity per unit area.)

Main technical functions: improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), increase of biomass (quantity), Reduction of plant population and competition effect

Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction)

Agronomic measure: Row planting
Material/ species: Teff seeds
Quantity/ density: 3-6kg/ha
Remarks: Spacing between rows is 20cm

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: Urea and DAP
Quantity/ density: 100 kg/ha
Remarks: for each type of fertilizer

作者:

Gizaw Desta, WLRC

日期:

2014-8-15

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

ETH BIRR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

20.0

4.3 技术建立活动

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Seed drill, local plough, sickle, hoe

The costs are calculated on hectare basis covered by row planting method. The costs apply for February/March 2014

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The implementation costs are subject to change due to fluctuation in seasonal labor demand, price of fertilizer, price of iron to construct seed drill, and inflation

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women play a role of applying seeds either using locally made plastic bottles or using the manual drum type seed drill to pull. However, men are involved in both in tillage and seeding practices.

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

气候灾害

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Since the new technology (Teff row planting) requires high human labor while placing seeds using hand metering or plastic bottles (locally adopted) to apply the seeds, the land users perceived that the cost of labor is high and can not be affordable using family labor alone. Until they developed experience the return may be considered as slightly positive. However, if the land users adopt to use the manual drum type seed drill the return is very positive and positive as compared to the establishment and recurrent costs, respectively.

6.5 技术采用

注释:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The adoption is growing with extensive technical guidance and push from the research and extension services.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

(Unpublished Report, 2013): Technical Evaluation and Selection of Suitable Teff Seed Drill in Amhara Region, by team of Researchers in ARARI, Bahir Dar Mechanization and Food Science research Center and Lecturers from Bahir Dar University

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Dereje Gorfu and Eshetu Ahmed (unpublished). Crops and Agro-ecological Zones of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/newsletter/Sept97/10tef.html