1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Centro de Estudios Ambientales de la Orinoquia- Asociación de Becarios de Casanare (ABC) - 哥伦比亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Native stingless bee keeping (Melipona favosa) protects bees and plants found in forest and savannah ecosystems to produce honey. In contrast to current destructive wild bee honey harvesting, members of the Abril family keep the traditional practice of capturing/rescuing wild nests, and adapt them so that honey can be extracted from the same nest for many years (up to 30 y) without killing the bees.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Native bee honey production in the floodable savannahs of the eastern Colombian Llanos (Orinoco River Basin), relies on stingless bees of the species Melipona favosa. These bees nest inside tree trunks. The main characteristics of the native bee keeping, as currently performed by three generations of the Abril Family, is that it is sustainable, promotes de conservation of native ecosystems, and as far as we know, constitutes the only sustainable and profitable direct use of local biodiversity in the floodable savannahs of the eastern Llanos in Colombia. Its sustainability is due to the adaptations and management of the nests, so that honey can be extracted without damaging the bees. On one hand, they know how to retrieve wild nests, either by rescuing them from rotten trees or the ground, or by cutting the branch with the nest, and then keeping its natural position at all times. Once at their houses, they will study the outside of the nest and listen to the bees inside the nest, with this information they will cut out a part of the tree trunk to create a window. Once opened, they verify the location of the honey and pollen pots and the broods. Then, they will reattach the cut part on to the trunk by using metal wire and sealing the edges with mud. The nest will be hanged with wire in the position it was originally found. Once on site they will check every day for the presence of the sentinel bee and bee activity. Furthermore, they only extract honey during the end of the dry season when bees have enough food reserves. For the extraction, they will reopen the previously cut window, and extract the honey and pollen pots, making sure enough are left behind so that bees can have access to food as well. The mean honey production from each nest is around the 750 ml- 1000 ml. Honey is kept for their own use and sold to some people for a fairly high price (30 dollars per 750 ml). The honey is mainly consumed as a medicinal product, and its low quantity makes it highly sought after. If someone requests it for sight issues, Héctor will extract the honey with a syringe so that it is as clear as possible.
The native bee keeping contributes to protect native bees, as the management of nests can keep them functional for up to 30 years. The Abril family members are well aware of the dependency between honey production and presence of native plants from where bees forage for nectar and pollen. Therefore, they avoid forest clearing and selectively keep shrubs in the grasslands to guarantee food supply for their bees. Also, they plant fruit trees such as guayaba (Psidium guajava) and arazá (Eugenia stipitata), that benefit the bees, which at the same time benefit pollination. Fruit production is mainly used for home use and very seldom they are sold. They also witness the negative impacts that agrochemical airborne dispersion from rice production in the neighbouring farms, have on wild bee populations. So far, their main concern is that they do not know how to multiply the nests.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

Héctor Abril, has been working with this traditional systems since more than 50 years ago. The traditional system consists in creating a window implied o extract honey without damaging the nest. This knowledge has been passed on to his sons and daughter.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

The main economic activity of this group of farms is extensive cattle ranching on natural floodable savannhas (242 ha), but they all have bee keeping in their houses. The number 80 refers to the nest quantity. They preserve gallery forests (108 ha) and allow for fallows (28 ha) to develope near the houses for supplying nectar and pollen to the bees.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

The fact that their traditional practice allow for them to keep the bee nests in their houses for up to 30 years, means that they had to protect surrounding forests and allow for shrubland recovery nearby the house. Otherwise, they would just either collect honey directly in the field in a single destructive event or bring a couple of nests per year home and then extract honey in a destructive way.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

The farms have some windmills for water extraction for the cattle ranching, but these are not used for the natural ecosystems that sustain the bees during the dry season.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 养蜂、养殖业、家禽业、养兔业、养蚕业等

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Bee keeping implies supplying the bees nectar and polen demands, thus, for sustaining their bees the Abril family is particularly keen on protecting their gallery forests and allow shrub regeneration. In addition, they are cultivating fruit trees (guayaba- Psidium guajava; arazá- Eugenia stipitata) near the houses, impplying a change in land cover from grazing land to fruit crops.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Forest conservation and shrub recovery and fruit crops aid in the reduction of erosion by water during the wet season, and erosion by wind during the dry season. Forest conservation and shrub recovery and fruit crops reduce areas exposed to cattle trampling. Forest conservation, shrub recovery and fruit crops are likely important to protect soil fauna, to enhance the survival of bees and many other animal and plant species. A high density of pollinators is also important for natural vegetation and fruitting crop

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

注释:

On the one hand, they actively preserve the riparian forests because of their awareness of the relation between bee survival and honey production with forest cover. This reduces land degradation. On the other hand, surrounding their houses where they keep the bees they have planted trees and allowed for fallow areas to offer pollen and nectar to their bees, restoring land that has been previously used for cattle ranching

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Wild nest recue or extraction and transport to the house	Depends on the finding, but it is preferred in the dry season where more floral resources are available
2.	Opening of a window in the nest	A couple of days after being collected/recued
3.	Locating the nest under housing	Just after the window opening

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Two people for wild nest recue or extraction and transport to the house	day	2.0	15.0	30.0	100.0
劳动力	Opening of a window in the nest	day	0.5	15.0	7.5	100.0
劳动力	Housing construction (two people)	day	2.0	15.0	30.0	100.0
劳动力						100.0
设备	Saw	unit	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
设备	Chissel	unit	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
设备	hammer	unit	1.0	8.0	8.0	100.0
设备	Metal wire	kilo	0.5	11.0	5.5	100.0
设备	Ax	unit	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
施工材料	boles minimum 15 cm diamater and 2 m of height	boles	4.0	8.0	32.0	100.0
施工材料	wood support 4 m long	unit	4.0	6.0	24.0	100.0
施工材料	Roof laminas (3 m)	laminas	3.0	18.0	54.0	100.0
施工材料	Nails	box	2.0	9.0	18.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					259.0
技术建立总成本，美元					259.0

注释:

The construction of a bee nest house can hold up to 30 bee nests.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Checking the bee nests	daily
2.	Harvesting honey	yearly
3.	Seedling collection	monthly
4.	tree nursery care	daily
5.	planting trees	monthly

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Daily check per bee nest	day	0.005	15.0	0.07	100.0
劳动力	honey harvest per bee nest (2 people)	day	1.0	15.0	15.0	100.0
劳动力	Seedling collection	month	2.0	15.0	30.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting of fruitting trees	month	2.0	15.0	30.0	100.0
设备	Chissel	unit	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
设备	Broom	unit	1.0	3.0	3.0	100.0
设备	Hammer	unit	1.0	8.0	8.0	100.0
设备	Syringe	unit	1.0	0.2	0.2	100.0
设备	Empty glass bottles (750 ml)	unit	70.0	0.4	28.0	100.0
设备	Table	unit	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
设备	shovel	unit	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
植物材料	Bags x 50 units	bag	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
植物材料	Soil	sack	4.0	6.0	24.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					203.27
技术维护总成本，美元					203.27

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The way they manage the bee productive system is fairly cheap and most materials are already accessible within the farms.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

This is a low elevation flat area. Overall the floodable savannahs are concave but microtopography has primarily concave areas (bajos) with a lower extent of convex areas (bancos).

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

In the seasonally floodable savannhas there are three main soil types: 1) Clayey sediments, 2) fine and coarse alluvial sediments, and 3) lime and sand eolic deposits. Soil description is based on the 1:100.000 scale Casanare soil study, by the National Geographical Institute Agustín Codazzi.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Drinking water is usually provided by ground water year round. During the wet season there is a generalized flood, and during the dry season there is severe drought. Thus, the water table level goes from surface to deeper than 9 m.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Habitats include: Gallery/riparian forest, isolated tree islands (matas de monte), seasonally flooded savannhas, wetlands.
Reported biodiversity for the seasonally floodable savannahs is: 183 spp of mammals, 507 spp of birds, 108 spp of anphibians, 119 spp of reptiles, 567 spp of fish, 1479 spp of plants (Mora-Fernández et al., 2015).

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

All the land user's reported here are family members.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

They are in the process of gaining rights, given the farms have been theirs for more than 50 years.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

These farms are in fairly remote area with poor access roads, there is a rural school but for the other services people have to travel for at least 2 hours by car to the closest urban center.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

生物多样性:植被、动物

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

Measurements are qualitative estimates

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Measurements are qualitative estimates

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Honey harvesting is only possible once per year so for the short term it takes some time before retrieving income. However, once the nests are re-established at home the maintenance is fairly easy. The rareness and uniqueness of the product sells well in the local market. The external markets are not aware of such a product.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

5

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

Talking with other local people we found that the traditional practice is very rare, mainly because it used to be the only source for sweeteners, but with the arrival of sugar cane and sugar, people stopped the practice, and for new generations the tradicional way is almost forgotten. This is highly menacing because when people find a wild nest they only destructively extract the honey affecting wild bee populations.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The medicinal properties attributed to the product make it highly sought after.
Having the nests at home, and passing on the traditional practice to new generations is very important, because they find very interesting to know about bee behaviour and pollination function for fruitting trees.
Costs are fairly low, and despite production is synchronized the demand of the product is higher that the production, so it is a welcome income to the family household assets.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Their practice is non destructive and bee population is enhanced in the houses, it is very likely that bees will find new wild nesting sites. In this regard bee nests at houses are a source of individuals for wild populations, given that there are trees and forests nearby.
This practice and their knwoledge on bee behaviour and biology motivates people to conserve forests and trees and allow for fallows surrounding their houses.
Negative effects on their bee populations derived from land use change int heir surroundings and application of agrochemicals by neighboring rice crops serve as an indicator for them to know if those practices are deteriorating their environment.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Despite the long term survival of captured wil bee nests, they still rely on collecting wild nests. Which in time they feel are more scarcee	For them it is crucial to learn how to split their "domesticated" nests so they can increase production without depending on wild nests.
The expansion of rice crops in the area is a major threat	Public policy and law inforcement in aerial agrochemical application is urgent. Also, the transition from usual rice crop management to a more enrionmental management is required.
New generations are less likely to adopt traditional practices, endengering the persistence of this knowledge in time	The recognition of this traditional productive system is fundamental.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
A one time per year harvesting of the product could potentially be increased to expand this sustainable practice	Restoration of key dietary elements surrounding their houses and an increase in connectivity with remaingin forest patches could potentially increase honey production
We agree that the loss of this practice is inminent if it is not protected as a cultural heritage	Knwoledge transfer to new generations and the recovery of this productive system, once "domesticated" bee nest can be divided or multiplied.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Diversidad de abejas sin aguijón (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) utilizadas en meliponicultura en Colombia. Nates-Parra, G. and Rosso-Londoño, J.M. (2013).

URL:

https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3190/319029232001.pdf

7.4 一般注释

It is a bit too long but feasible to fill in.