1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CARITAS (Switzerland) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The river training dam is a disaster mitigation structure protecting downstream areas from flash floods and mudflows. It consists of a channel dug and wire net gabions built to train the river and is hence cheap to establish and maintain. There is a substantial community contribution as labour is an important part of the input costs. The dam enables the rehabilitation of unproductive land in the downstream catchment areas, reduction of crop pests, increase in crop diversity and land productivity, and an overall improvement of livelihoods for downstream communities through reduced vulnerability to disasters.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The river training dam is a disaster mitigation structure constructed in the middle zone of the watershed of Obishur (Southern Tajikistan), at 1400 metres above sea level. It is diverting the water from the river fan naturally flowing through Kulchashma village into a different direction and river outlet (Yakhsu river). The dike is a simple structure consisting of a 400m-long and 4m-high channel dug by bulldozer consolidated by a 60m-long and 3m-wide gabion protecting a sharp curve of the river. The material needed is limited to stones and wire net, and the construction as well as maintenance costs are hence low and don't need a too high amount of labour, provided by the communities as in-kind contribution. The structure is built to resist a pressure of up to 72 m3/sec. Given the annual frequency and strength of the local floods, the Kulchashma river training dam has an estimated life expectancy of 30 years. The land users proposed to establish the dam in order to protect the 250 households and 270 ha of land downstream being regularly affected by the floods. In particular, people, houses, roads and other infrastructure, crop and pasture land as well as animals and other assets were highly exposed to the risk of flood. The agricultural production, constituting the main part of people’s income was hindered by the regular occurrence of disasters. The establishment of the river training dam resulted in the rehabilitation of unproductive land in the river fan and its use as pasture and arable land which the community mainly uses for agroforestry. The occurrence of crop pests decreased, the crop diversity was increased, the crop and land productivity improved, thereby enhancing the land users’ food security and overall income. The dam also allowed vulnerable community members to access land and build houses. The construction of buildings behind the dam is however risky and communities tend to forget or ignore that a risk of failure of the dam persists, and that its life expectancy is limited. But first of all, the personal safety of the community members is now improved and they are happy to be able to sleep without the fear of regular floods.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2014

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

The adoption of the technology was proposed by the land users.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 降低灾害风险
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Irrigation - main irrigation channels also received water diverted by the dam.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 引水和排水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Improvement of groundwater quality is not the focus of the project but the technology has an impact on this type of natural degradation process.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Flood sediments are diverted by the dam and its accumulation in the lower zone of the watersheds is prevented, thereby allowing the rehabilitation of arable land downstream.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	400m-long channel digging (bulldozer)	August-October
2.	Stone collection	October (10 days)
3.	Construction of gabions	November (15 days)

注释:

Establishment activities to be completed before the cold and snow/rain season.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Construction of wire net gabions	person-hours	1400.0	1.5	2100.0	100.0
劳动力	Bulldozer driving	person-hours	150.0	1.5	225.0
设备	Bulldozer rent	day	15.0	63.0	945.0
设备	Fuel for bulldozer	litre	2250.0	1.35	3037.5
设备	Diesel oil for bulldozer	litre	68.0	2.13	144.84
设备	Spindle oil for bulldozer	litre	45.0	2.0	90.0
施工材料	wire net (diametre 4mm)	m2	625.0	1.6	1000.0
施工材料	wire (diametre 3mm)	kg	26.0	1.6	41.6
其它	Gearbox oil for bulldozer	litre	22.0	2.5	55.0
其它	Solid oil for bulldozer	litre	22.0	3.0	66.0
其它	Gas for bulldozer	litre	22.0	1.4	30.8
技术建立所需总成本					7735.74
技术建立总成本，美元					7735.74

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Rent of bulldozer + bulldozer driving covered by local district government. All other costs covered by project.

注释:

Cost-sharing for establishment and maintenance activities is agreed upon when determining the design and implementation of the dam as part of the project conditions.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Fixing of wire net gabions	March, annually

注释:

Maintenance activities to be conducted before peak rain/snowmelt/flood season.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Fixing wire net (by Self Help Group)	hour	40.0	0.8	32.0	100.0
施工材料	wire net	kg	7.0	1.0	7.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					39.0
技术维护总成本，美元					39.0

注释:

All maintenance costs covered by land users.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

- Geography (steep hills to dig a diverting channel increases the establishment costs)
- Geology (quality/type of soil affects the time needed for digging)

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

On southern (sunny) side of the hills, loess type of soil. On northern (shady) side of the hills, humus type of soil

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Seasonal floods/high runoff in spring time, when heavy rain coincides with snowmelt.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 租赁

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

In the last three years no flood affected the downstream village. 330ha of land situated downstream of the dam has been rehabilitated, cleaned from big stones, and used fully as pasture. No sediment flood affected the use of this rehabilitated land.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年降雨量		增加	好
季雨量	春季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	非常好
山洪暴发	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

From the land-user perspective, the benefit assessment of the establishment costs could only be done in relation to the land-users' contribution (i.e. 10% of establishment costs in cash or USD 600 , plus labour).
Because the dam was constructed less than 10 years ago, the long-terms returns cannot be assessed yet.

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

250 households and 270 ha covered, i.e. 50% of Kulchashma village's population.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

This low percentage is explained by the fact that a structural measure like a dam construction is a big collective investment and can only be initiated as a group with coordination.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The construction and maintenance of a river training dam prevents further land degradation caused by floods, allows the rehabilitation of unused land to create new pastures, and above all increases people's and livestock's safety.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
General improvement of life quality, including life safety and opportunities to protect assets and improve livelihoods.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
None	n/a

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Downstream communities feel safe behind the dam and tend to ignore the risk of failure in extreme conditions (beyond the coping capacity of the dam). As a consequence, people build houses in places still at risk in the river fan.	Strengthened governance (no authorisation of construction in the river fan/behind the dam in the risk zone).

7.1 信息的方法/来源