1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

20/09/2016

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The protection of water resources is essential for the supply of drinking water in the rural zones of Haiti, by enabling to preserve the water quality and facilitate the recharge of the resource. Organizing the actors related to the water resource and to the economic, environmental and communal challenges is crucial. This implies, apart from management, the implementation of various technical measures.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The majority of water resources in Haiti is subject to bacterial contamination, which endangers the health of the consumers. The infrastructure for the abstraction and conveyance of water is periodically put to the test by the large variation of discharge, like floods, but also by low flows. The protection of water resources aims to strengthen local actors to better manage water resources. The objective is to take care of the protection of water resources at local level according to rules which are established and accepted by the actors with regard to legal, sociocultural and biophysical aspects.

The protection of water resources also implies that technical measures are implemented to conserve and protect catchments, in order to ensure the quality and quantity of the required water and the recharge of groundwater bodies. The technical measures are defined for different zones. Three categories of zones are established with specific restrictions and recommendations, and formalized in a municipal decree which is published by the town councils. A first zone of 1000 m2 directly upstream of the water resource is brought into the domain of the state, fenced, reforested and totally protected from human activities.
In a second zone of a minimum of 5 ha upstream of the resource, restrictions to the use of the terrain apply, notably with regard to defecation, free-range livestock farming and other harmful human activities, in order to protect the soil and the water quality. The terrain is managed so as to guarantee a good conservation of the soils by reforestation (agroforestry) with different varieties of fruit trees and timber. A third zone can be established if supported by the community, with restrictions on slash-and-burn and free-range grazing, as well as means to preserve the soils and to manage the vegetation cover. This latter zone can cover the whole catchment, and is meant to promote groundwater recharge. The restoration of the catchment through the zoning and the implementation of physical structures includes different techniques such as vegetative barriers and stone walls.

The restrictions on the use of zone 2 are not necessarily in contrast with the interests of the producers. It turns out that the rainfed crops are too much exposed to climatic hazards, and that forestry is a more reliable alternative. Therefore they perceive the development and reforestation of their land as an exploitation of their heritage, and as a profitable investment in the long term, when they will be able to manage the exploitation of the trees and their fruit production. In the first two years, a total maximum grant of 400 USD per ha is paid to the producers in different terms, depending on the success of the conservation activities. These experiences have inspired the setting of national standards on the protection of drinking water resources.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Support and incentives through various projects from HELVETAS, in particular projects focused on water services, risk management and support to local governance.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 降低灾害风险
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Some zones were cultivated with annual crop varieties, and were subsequently transformed into protected zones, where selective felling is only authorized if natural regeneration is guaranteed, and if the vegetation cover provides an effective soil protection.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Two agricultural seasons with different crop species

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 横坡措施
• 地下水管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

注释:

The conservation measures are locally applied on the hillslopes, but the restrictions on the use of the protected zones apply uniformly.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Three protection zones:
Zone 1: 1000 m2, public property, prohibition of any activity;
Zone 2: 50.000 m2, private property destined for agroforestry and protected by soil protection measures. Prohibition on housing, livestock farming, chemical fertilisation, latrines, waste disposal, slash-and-burn, etc.
Zone 3: all areas in the catchment upstream of zone 2, depending on agreements with the land owners and farmers, oriented on agroforestry and protected by sustainable land management measures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Discussion on legal provisions with the different actors	管理	To be finalised in the dry period
2.	Elaboration of a municipal decree	其它措施	To be finalised in the dry period
3.	Acquisition of zone 1	其它措施	To be finalised in the dry period
4.	Fencing of zone 1	结构性的	To be finalised in the dry period
5.	Development of the land plots in zones 1 and 2	结构性的	During the dry period (availability of farmers and stability of the slopes)
6.	Treatment of gullies	结构性的	During the dry period (availability of farmers and absence of surface runoff)
7.	Training of farmers on conservation practices	管理	Before the rainy season
8.	Afforestation	植物性的	At the start of the rainy season
9.	Maintenance of physical structures	结构性的	On the long term
10.	Monitoring and inspection	管理	On the long term

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Afforestation, gully correction, land management, fencing	person days	300.0	6.0	1800.0	100.0
设备	shovel, hammer, etc.	None	1.0	80.0	80.0
植物材料	Seedlings (lump sum for grass and bushes for slope stabilization)	average per site	1.0	100.0	100.0	4.0
施工材料	Cement, iron, PVC, piles	average per site	1.0	200.0	200.0
其它	Acquisition of zone 1 (1000 m2)	lump sum	1.0	300.0	300.0
其它	Rehabilitation and legalization (zone 1)	site	1.0	200.0	200.0
技术建立所需总成本					2680.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The supporting project

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Maintenance of physical structures (dry stone walls, etc.)	结构性的	after the rainy seasons (two times per year)
2.	Control and monitoring of the zoning regulation (the municipal decree)	管理	Long-term monitoring

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Maintenance of physical structures (1 person-day)	person day	5.0	5.0	25.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					25.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The maintenance operations depend on the meteorological conditions (in particular heavy rainfall) and on the type and quantity of structural measures. The topography and geomorphology influence the stability of the structures and hence the maintenance. The maintenance costs are carried by the farmers, or in certain cases by the committee for the provision of drinking water. The control on the restrictions of use of the protected zones is carried out by the local authorities together with the committee for the provision of drinking water. Hence, the costs are distributed over the community funds and financial resources from the water services.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Intensive rainfalls lead to temporary excess of water, contributing to superficial erosion.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

Access to drinking water and irrigation water is arranged by different rules. In general any individual has access to drinking water, but the rights to use water for irrigation are restricted. The capturing of sources for water supply to downstream areas most often causes difficult negotiations between the communities upstream and downstream in the catchment.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

水资源可用性和质量

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
季雨量	湿季/雨季	增加	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
温带气旋	适度

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	好
滑坡	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The measures should be promoted as an investment with an initial cost but a positive return in the medium and long term.

6.5 技术采用

• 10-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

Protection of 34 water resources; 27 ha in zone 1 have been fenced and afforested, 281 ha in zone 2 have been afforested and protected. More than 500 farmers were trained to implement and replicate the various protection measures.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

The number of replications is low due to the widespread poverty in the region.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The farmers are supported to implement a cost-effective forestry system to replace a very vulnerable rainfed agricultural production system. But it is the population in the downstream part of the catchment who benefits from the protection of the sources, since the quality and quantity of the water is improving. Therefore an equilibrium must be found between the two populations, in order to make both benefit. The water services can be profitable, and hence encourage participation in the efforts of protection upstream in the catchment, by supporting the producers and/or by financing jobs for the protection of land and water.
The protection of water resources increases the value of the common heritage and therefore calls for a community-based management.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会

On the basis of the vulnerability of the population and the environment in the rural environment of Haiti, the protection of water resources should be established to guarantee a secure and profitable use of water. The participatory methods implemented allow to create a supportive environment, suitable for a community-based effort for local rural development. These mechanisms inspire a culture of citizenship in a local democratic context under development.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The management of state land in zone 1 poses a challenge because this land has to be integrated into the property of the state. The purchase or compensation of these lots can require a long negotiation between the local authorities and the owners.	It is important that the local actors resolve these matters among themselves, and that there is no interference from a project, in order to not distort the negotiation.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The sustainability of the measures and the cost of maintenance are largely dependent on the quality of the measures.	Ensure a good technical instruction and follow-up on-site by trained staff.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Boire l’eau et penser à la source (long version)

URL:

https://assets.helvetas.org/downloads/capex_hsi_protection_des_source_vlongue.pdf

标题/说明:

Boire l’eau et penser à la source (short version)

URL:

https://assets.helvetas.org/downloads/capex_hsi_protection_des_sources_vcourte.pdf