1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) - 黎巴嫩

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology supports the rehabilitation of degraded rangelands; the Vallerani plough forms micro water harvesting pits suitable for native shrub seedlings. This boosts vegetation recovery through both out-planted shrubs and the emergence of local seeds.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Mechanized micro water harvesting breaks up crusted and compacted soils, and fosters the capture and retention and the deep-infiltration of surface runoff generated during heavy rainfall events. The micro water harvesting pits store water and provide soil moisture to the out-planted shrub seedlings and the emerging seeds - and thus boosts the development of resilient vegetation patches towards the eventual rehabilitation of degraded rangelands.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The micro water harvesting technology is part of a larger watershed rehabilitation initiative; It is the most upstream technology used in an integrated approach, including upland rehabilitation (Vallerani), gully erosion control, and revegetation (gully plugs), and downstream local barley agriculture using the ‘Marab’ technology.

1: Main Elements: The Vallerani tractor plow (Delfino 50 MI/CM) (Gammoh & Oweis, 2011) constructs intermittent water harvesting pits along the contour of terrain and transects the hill slopes at approximately 5-10 m between lines. The local hill slope (at the implementation site) ranges between 2% and 15%. Pit length is adjustable and relates to the speed of the tractor. At the implementation site, pit lengths are around 4.5 m. In the micro water harvesting pits, several native shrub seedlings can be out-planted (at the site, 2 per pit).

2: Where: This technology is used in a watershed context close to Al Majeddyeh village, located in the Middle Badia zone, approximately 30 km south-east of Amman. The climate is arid and warm (Palmer, 2013). The average annual rainfall is around 130 mm. The natural environment is classified as steppe, Bsh in the köppen classification. The human environment is characterized by agropastoralists. They are semi-nomadic and live in villages around the watershed, for example, Al Majeddyeh village.

3: The purpose of the technology: Breaking the land degradation cycle by retaining and encouraging deep-infiltration of surface runoff, which supports native vegetation growth. The stored soil moisture boosts the growth of both out-planted shrub seedlings and emerging local seeds towards healthy and resilient vegetation patches. Over time, the plowed pits degrade, but vegetation takes over the dryland hydrological functions of rainfall interception, runoff deceleration, and fostering infiltration. The developing shrubland provides various ecosystem services, predominately fodder for livestock of local agropastoralists.

4: Major activities: 1) Mechanized micro water harvesting establishment through the Vallerani tractor plow. 2) plantation of native seedlings in the pits (2 shrubs per pit at the local site). 3) Manage rangelands through sustainable grazing.

5: Impact: The technology breaks up the degradation cycle, increases soil moisture, and eventually boosts vegetation development and biodiversity. Through retention of runoff, sediments and residues, it decreases erosion and enhances organic carbon storage. It reduces peak surface runoff and thus mitigates flooding. The enhanced biomass supports livestock (grazing) and reduces agricultural inputs required (such as those required for low input barley production).

6: Land users' opinion: Land users evaluate the technology ambivalently. In the short term, landowners are often skeptical, because the rehabilitation requires a recovery time and strict non-grazing/resting for (usually) the first 2 rainy seasons. Thereafter, the rehabilitated lands require sustainable management. Later, after vegetation development, most landowners are convinced of the improvements and understand the economic and environmental value. The acceptance strongly depends on the social and cultural context – many farmers continue preferring the already established barley monoculture, mainly due to lack of sustainable rangeland management options and land ownership. However, well-targeted awareness campaigns can be supportive.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2016

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

This specific project was serving as a basis for SLM introduction and was launched in 2016.
The Vallerani Plough was locally tested in earlier projects.
The Vallerani Plough in Badia rehabilitation context was first introduced in Syria in 2004-2007.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

The technology harvests surface runoff of erratic and heavy rainstorms

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 横坡措施
• 集水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Native shrubs (fodder shrubs) planted in the water harvesting pits.
Intermittent pits constructed by the Vallerani Plough
Management (grazing) plan after implementation

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Degradation is mainly caused by over-exploitation of vegetation (overgrazing), mechanized agriculture (ploughing and barley seeding) – but accelerated by climate change.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Site Selection (biophysical suitability)	At least 1 year prior implementation
2.	Site inspection & local community consultation (social assessment, awareness and planning)	Around 1 year prior implementation
3.	Ploughing of micro water harvesting pits along the contour (e.g. laser guided)	Late dry season (at least 1 month prior rainy season onset)
4.	Out-planting of native shrubs seedlings (e.g. Atriplex and Ratameh) – potentially community inclusive activity	After first substantial rainfall (e.g. > 5mm rainfall event)
5.	Sustainable management by the local community (grazing and resting plan)	Approximately after 2 years (sustainable grazing includes certain resting – chance for seeds production and recruitment)

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Tractor plough operation	Labour Day per hectare	0.2	25.0	5.0
劳动力	Technical assistance	LD	0.2	50.0	10.0
劳动力	Seedling planters (local community)	LD	5.0	20.0	100.0
设备	Tractor + Vallerani Plough (transport & fuel)	Day	0.2	200.0	40.0
设备	Field equipment	Day	1.0	20.0	20.0
植物材料	Atriplex Halimus	Seedling	100.0	0.5	50.0
植物材料	Retama	Seedling	100.0	0.5	50.0
植物材料	Salsola	Seedling	100.0	0.5	50.0
其它	Transportation and storage (e.g. seedlings)	Lumpsum per hectare	1.0	20.0	20.0
技术建立所需总成本					345.0
技术建立总成本，美元					345.0

注释:

The shrub seedlings used were of high quality. A local community was used for labour. These two items increase costs per hectare – costs per hectare can be significantly reduced using ‘cheap’ seedlings or professional agricultural labour. However, the purpose of the project was local community inclusion and their benefit.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Sustainable grazing (take half / leave half concept)	1-2 times per season
2.	Cut and carry	locally
3.	Resting for shrub-seed production and new recruitment	Some selected resting seasons

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

The technology aims at re-establishing a sustainable nature-based ecosystem. Once properly implemented and managed, no further maintenance is needed. Certainly, ‘costs’ during biomass facilitation accrue through, e.g., herding and watering of livestock; however, these costs are not considered to occur because of the landscape improvement.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most important cost is the high-quality seedlings and the local labor costs. Both can be reduced.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Site topography ranges from 853 to 910 m above sea level (ASL), with an average slope steepness of 7.4 %.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The soil texture ranges from silty clay to silty clay loam.
Soil pH ranges from 8 – 8.5.
The soil is not saline.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Atriplex, Ratameh and Salsola were actively out-planted (native species). This is not very biodiverse, but the evolving micro-habitat within the water harvesting pit allows emergence of collected seeds and consequential development of biodiverse vegetation patches

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The actual landowners and users are often poor Jordanians. However, the owners of the large livestock flocks (potential facilitators of the rehabilitated lands) are comparatively rich.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

• NA

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	非常好
年降雨量		减少	非常好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	非常好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
极端冬季条件	非常好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 11-50%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

watershed approach and transition status of the structures

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Implementation efficiency increase through adding contour laser technique and using the reversible blade (2 directions plowing)

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Opportunity for agro-pastoralism (grazing up to twice a year)
Improved livestock health, milk quantity, and quality.
No input costs needed (compared with e.g. barley agriculture)
Flexibility in timing: grazing of healthy rangelands can be done ‘at any time’(certainly spring season is most beneficial for livestock) – which differs from barley agriculture approach.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Besides out-planting of native shrub seedlings, native biodiversity evolves through the emergence of dormant seed material.
Out-planted shrub seedlings withstand extreme weather conditions (droughts) through water harvesting. The survival rate and eventual success of the rehabilitation approach are high.
Micro water harvesting structures and upcoming vegetation patches reduce erosion and increase trapping of sediments, including organic carbon and seed materials.
Water harvesting reduces the peak of surface runoff and thus mitigates downstream flooding

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Costs of implementation and availability of high-quality seedlings and the Vallerani plow.	Develop large-scale procedure/initiative that allows farmers to request and restore vulnerable areas using the Vallerani micro-water harvesting technique. Include incentives for implementation (ex. free seedlings, free of charge using of Vallerani machine, subsidies on arley as fodder for the first two years in order for farmers to maintain the site)
Change: Not all farmers are willing to forgo barley agriculture	Demonstrating the effects this technology through pilot projects. Local communities on the forefront of communication.
Vegetation growth may attract herders from different areas.	Clear rules and legislation on land facilitation in terms of grazing.
Requires higher understanding of the environment and long-term planning	Introduce knowledge sharing events to teach local farmers on the effects of land degradation and the benefits of healthy ecosystems

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Land ownership: current land tenure system in Jordan slows the adoption of the intervention. A landowner can reside in a city (no much value for the land), and the land user may be a herder. A large flock owner can rent huge areas for barley cultivation (actual cost of 1 donum of barley plantation ranges between 1.5-3 USD; possible to prepare up to 10 ha per day). Cheap labor/herders will move flocks and graze until all cover is gone (usually for 1-3 months maximum per year (March-May)). Rehabilitated areas will be of less interest for such users.	Develop and apply strict land management plans and policies. Create a strong monitoring system. Apply penalties for actions that increase land degradation with various on-site and off-sites impacts
Lack of institutional collaboration for rangeland management and rehabilitation. Land management in the Badia is the responsibility of several ministries in Jordan. The lack of institutional collaboration and the absence of the rangeland areas' valuation create a difficult environment for sustainability measures.	Increase the collaboration between ministries and stakeholders. Evaluate the impact of restoration solutions on the site and off site.
Lack of clear government policy for restoration, incentives for farmers, and funding availability.	Develop a clear action plan among the responsible government institutions of restoration activities.
Complex social context. The majority of land users and/or landowners don’t value the restoration. The bare cultivation practices have more (quick) value without resting time.	Capacity development for local communities for the value of soil, water, and biodiversity

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Akroush, S., & All, E. (2016). Factors Affecting the Adoption of Water Harvesting Technologies: A Case Study of Jordanian Arid Area. Sustainable Agriculture Research.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Akroush, S., & Boubaker, D. (2015). Predicted Willingness of Farmers to Adopt Water Harvesting Technologies: A Case Study from the Jordanian Badia (Jordan). American-Eurasian J. Agricultural & Environmental science , 1502-1513.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Gammoh, & Oweis. (2011). Performance and Adaptation of the Vallerani Mechanized Water Harvesting System in Degraded Badia Rangelands . Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 1370-1380.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Haddad, M. (2019). Exploring Jordan's Rangeland Transition: Merging Restoration Eperiment with Modeling - A Case study from Al Majdiyya Village. Amman: The University of Jordan.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Vallerani. (n.d.). Vallerani system. Retrieved from Vallerani: http://www.vallerani.com/wp/

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

VALLERANI MICRO WATER HARVESTING

URL:

https://www.icarda.org/impact/impact-stories/vallerani-micro-water-harvesting

标题/说明:

CONTOUR LASER GUIDING FOR THE MECHANIZED “VALLERANI” MICRO-CATCHMENT WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS

URL:

https://www.icarda.org/publications/10291/contour-laser-guiding-mechanized-vallerani-micro-catchment-water-harvesting

7.4 一般注释

The Marab is a local downstream water harvesting measure in an integrated watershed context, where up/midstream users and applied land management practices affect the Marab.
The technology diverts and spreads excess runoff over deep-soil flood plains. The technology comprises local gully-filling, grading/leveling of seedbed, and construction of a bund-and-spillway system creating several compartments for flood-irrigated agriculture.
For more information please visit: https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_5770/