1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CARITAS (Switzerland) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

11/10/2016

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Water points at daily pasture for livestock in order to reduce erosion and enhance productivity of cattle and livestock

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Water points for cattle is mainly used in semi-arid and arid regions where livestock is kept on daily pastures and water is distant or difficult to access.

Bringing water from springs or other sources to the pastures will greatly increase farm productivity and improve reproduction of animals. Difficult and distant access to water during the day can negatively cost a high amount of animal’s energy. Long distance to water sources will reduce meat supply, milk production and reproductive capacities by up to 50%.

By providing water for pastures, negative effects to livestock productivity can be reduced to a minimum.

In order to implement the technology, water sources have to be found and identified that are within an optimal distance to the and from the different pasture grounds. Sources need to have a perennial output. If water is accessible to a reasonable cost, the issue surrounding land ownership can be solved, i.e. a land is communally owned or the land owner gives user rights to the pasture users.

If water source and land for construction are found in an optimal distance to the different pasture grounds, the drinking water system for animals is designed and constructed. Construction involves spring catchment, laying of pipes and finally installation of the water point.

Besides the direct benefits (i.e. increased productivity and reproduction), the water points at the pastures reduce erosion in often critical locations such as steep slopes surrounding springs. Water points also protect springs from being destroyed or spoiled by the animals. Thus the technology has a risk reduction benefit. A potential negative effect of the technology is a reduction of biodiversity, as drawing of water from catchment springs may result in reduced fauna and flora.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2014

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

By a Caritas Switzerland project

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

注释:

20 water points have been established in the district of Muminabad at specific locations across the watershed.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

注释:

Water points in daily pastures lead to less movements of herds from and to natural water sources, as water is brought to the animals. Densitiy of animals around natural water sources lead to damages by tampling through compaction of land, while overgrazing leads to vegetation losses, that lead to increased washing or blowing out of soil. Trampling can as well destroy a natural water source and make it unusable.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Lengh of the water point is 18 m, depth 0.5 m

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Tajik Somoni

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

8.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Identify water sources (spring detection)	其它措施	early spring and late autumne (at least two years)
2.	Identify where a potential water point should be placed in the pasture area	其它措施	N/A
3.	Identify the land ownership	其它措施	N/A
4.	Design of the system	其它措施	N/A
5.	Spring catchment	结构性的	summer
6.	Digging trenches and lay pipes	结构性的	Spring
7.	Connecting the tubes to spring catchment	结构性的	N/A
8.	Construct water point	结构性的	N/A

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果可能，按下表分列技术建立费用，并列明各项投入和每项投入的费用。如果您无法分解成本，给出建立该技术的总成本估算。:

15000.0

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour		1.0	3500.0	3500.0	20.0
设备	Transport Dushanbe	nr of rund trip	0.3	3050.0	915.0
设备	Transport	nr of round trip	3.0	150.0	450.0
植物材料	Tubes	m	1820.0	4.0	7280.0
植物材料	Cement	kg	1800.0	1.06	1908.0
植物材料	Gravel	m3	6.0	180.0	1080.0
技术建立所需总成本					15133.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Integrated Watershed Management Project, Caritas Switzerland

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Close/open water point during winter time / spring	管理	twice per year
2.	Small repairs	结构性的	twice per year

注释:

Water points from cement are not that intensive for maintenance, Herders will take care of the water sources as they are daily there. It is important taht tube system is fully covered so taht the animals will not destroy any open laying tubes.

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果可能，按下表分解技术维护费用，并列明各项投入和每项投入的费用。如果您无法分解成本，给出维护该技术的总成本估算。:

2750.0

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Clean outlet of water point	days	1.0	450.0	450.0
劳动力	Control catchment and line	days	1.0	450.0	450.0
设备	Showel	item	1.0	150.0	150.0
施工材料	Tab	item	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
施工材料	Gravel bed around water point	kg	20.0	20.0	400.0
施工材料	replacement of tubes	m	200.0	4.0	800.0
技术维护所需总成本					2750.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Cost for tubes and cement, i.e. the distance of the next suitable spring to the pasture area
LAnd ownership: state owned land rented to the Pasture Union

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

cattle and livestock grazing is a male task, animals at home are taken care by women

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

water is owned by the pasture user union

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

生态影响

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

有关影响评估的意见:

none

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年降雨量		减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
寒潮	非常不好

注释:

Water points need to be closed during winter time, otherwise the tubes will get destroyed due to freezing.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

As land users did not bear the full costs they benefit strongly from the beginning

6.5 技术采用

• 10-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

20 water points have been established that are used by more than one village herds

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

The project subsidized the construction of water points. Livestock breeders from other districts have participated by observing the use of technology

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improved water management has improved livestock production by controlled grazing and access to water at daily pasture points.
Transporting livestock from steep valley locations to water drinking points was previously labour intensive, a farming activity which has improved due to dedicated water points.
Water quality at drinking points are can also be used by farmer and herders.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Erosion by livestock has reduced as livestock grazing is more controlled compared to before project interventions.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Water points and farms are remote. As such construction requires machinery and transport of materials to upper pasture zones are a challenge.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Investment costs are still considered to be too high to be fully borne by pasture users	Pasture User Union have been formed which collects fees. The unions help save money for technology investments.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

n/a

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Disaster RIsk Management in Tajikistan

URL:

https://www.caritas.ch/de/was-wir-tun/engagement-weltweit/klimaschutz-und-katastrophenpraevention/