1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Cisterns are water collection structures which form part of a cultural heritage dating back some 2000 years. While cisterns are commonly used to store drinking water, in the sloping fields of Tarsus they serve as a form of water insurance structure for orchards during dry periods.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

People have lived in Tarsus in the Northern Mediterranean Basin since the Neolithic period, and from that time they have modified their environment by constructing terraces to safeguard against erosion and cisterns to store water. Cisterns were constructed for two purposes: cisterns next to homes were designed for drinking water, and the cisterns in the fields were intended to supply vital supplementary irrigation to Mediterranean crops of figs, carobs, vines, and olives during the driest months of July and August. In the summer, a normal-sized cistern with a water volume of 150 cubic metres (150 tonnes) can supply water to a 1-hectare fig (150 tree.ha-1) or olive orchard (200 tree.ha-1) that are traditionally planted on a slightly inclined field (3-5% slope).
The historical field cisterns, which were built using roman cement to reinforce locally available hard limestone, have an average depth of 14 metres and a maximum diameter of 4 metres, narrowing towards the top like the neck of a bottle. One of the most important features is the design that keeps the water surface at about 2-3 meters below the intake hole. By making sure the water in the reservoirs does not receive sunlight, it is believed that the growth of algae and bacteria would be prevented in the cistern.
The Mediterranean climate forms a home for drought-tolerant crops like figs, grapes, olives and carob. However, by supplying small amounts of water to plants, such as one or two buckets, throughout the driest months of the year, particularly July and August, yields can be significantly increased. Cisterns are also utilized to provide sheep and goats, which have been farmed in the region for a very long time, with water for drinking.
Maintenance is needed to repair structural damage, which can be brought about by shifting stones or weakening of the cement. Additionally, the interior has to be cleaned because it may have been partially filled with stones and branches. Furthermore, certain plants must not be permitted to grow close to the cisterns, particularly figs, as their roots can penetrate the stone and undermine the framework.
Farmers continue to favor the technique since the frequency of droughts in the Mediterranean area is increasing. However, because the maintenance of the cisterns exceeds farmers' capabilities, they request, and receive, repair and cleaning assistance from the municipality.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

土耳其

区域/州/省:

Mediterranean Region, Turkey

有关地点的进一步说明:

Göcük Village, Tarsus

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果不知道精确的区域，请注明大致覆盖的区域:

• 100-1,000 平方千米

技术现场是否位于永久保护区？:

否

注释:

Cisterns are sited in farmers' fields and still used by the owners: cisterns are unevenly distributed on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey extending from Antakya to Izmir

Map

×

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

Tarsus Municipality is maintaining the cisterns by restoration and cleaning inside of the cisterns

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

农田

• 乔木与灌木的种植

乔木和灌木种植 - 指定作物:

• 角豆树
• 无花果
• 葡萄
• 橄榄树

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

采用间作制度了吗？:

是

如果是，说明哪些作物是间作的:

Legumes, wheat

采用轮作制度了吗？:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 集水
• 地下水管理
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

结构措施

• S7：集水/供水/灌溉设备

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

• Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀

注释:

Keeping trees alive by irrigation in dry months maintains land cover and reduces erosion

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

These are traditional structures and no new unit are built due to high construction costs. However, Tarsus Municipality is planning to build new ones for increasing water harvesting capacity in the region.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

No new cistern is constructed

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Tarsus Municipality

注释:

Maintenance and cleaning are undertaken by Tarsus Municipality's staff and equipment.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Skilled labor and cleaning the inside of the cistern from litter and debris

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Cambisols, Leptosols, Calcisols. The pH is generally above 7.5 with less than 2% soil organic carbon and highly carbonate content (>10%). No salinity or water logging.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Reduced precipitation has a negative impact on the time or volume of water required to recharge cisterns. Decreased water recharging may increase water carbonate content originating from local carbonate rocks.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

其它生态影响

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

As water is provided at driest time of the year vegetation cover is maintained.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Negligible

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Farmers cannot maintain or built new cisterns due to the need of equipment and skilled labor along with high expenses that is beyond their capacity.

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

no new cisterns built due to high construction costs

注释:

As cisterns were constructed long time ago, all locals know their critical functioning, and they try to keep cistern working if it exists in their field

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

CISTERNS: A Solution from the Past to a Future Problem. Erhan Akca, 2015.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://tid.web.tr/ortak_icerik/tid.web/170/dr%20erhan%20akca.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

The Roman and Byzantine Cisterns in Historical Peninsula, Selim S Gungor, 2017

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/384858

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

An Assessment of the Water Systems and Cisterns in Ariassos and Kremna, Mehmet Jurkcu, 2017

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.academia.edu/download/38074021/MJH-21-Mehmet_KURKCU.pdf

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

The History of Rainwater Harvesting

URL:

https://4perfectwater.com/blog/history-of-rainwater-harvesting

7.4 一般注释

The questionnaire is really well prepared and eases data input by the users