1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

ICARDA Institutional Knowledge Management Initiative

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) - 黎巴嫩

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Compressing agro-industrial by-products produces nutrient-dense livestock feed pellets that can compete with expensive and imported alternatives. This innovation consists of a small-scale compressor or "pelletizer" and formulae to create feed pellets of sufficient quality with locally available inputs.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In Tunisia, there are many agropastoralists who are dependent on expensive and imported feed pellets to improve livestock quality and to supplement feed shortages. Risks of relative shortages are likely to increase due to climate change. Simultaneously there are many discarded by-products from (local) agrofood supply chains such as olive cakes, date kernels, and downgraded dates, which contain good levels of nutrients. ICARDA saw an opportunity and, together with local partners, a machine was imported that is able to compress nutritious by-products into pellets. In addition to the machine, ICARDA and OEP experimented with feasible inputs and different ratios, considering local availability as well. It achieved highly dense and nutritious feed pellets from local available inputs, with similar quality to the imported pellets. There are currently two pelletizers on the market, a large model with a maximum capacity of 500 kilograms of pellets per hour, and a more affordable small pelletizer producing 125 kilogram per hour. Four formulae are recommended (see section 4.1). Two have olive cake as the main ingredient and the other two have date palm by-products as the key input. All formulae have an average protein content of 17% which is higher than imported pellets. The benefits include:
-Possibility of overcoming periods of fodder shortages
-Less dependence on expensive imports and price volatility
-Source of nutritious feed and improving livestock quality while reduced feeding costs
-Less pressure on grazing land and thereby reducing land degradation
-Joint purchase and use of a pelletizer by a farmer organization, improves social cohesion
-The pellets generate income and employment for the farmer organization

However the land users have experience challenges when acquiring permits for pellet production and electricity. In addition, there may be by-products supply constraints.

Information and data presented is partly made available through the projects “CRP livestock “Feed and Forages”” funded by CGIAR, and “SWC@scale” funded by GIZ. Projects were managed by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and implemented in Tunisia in collaboration with the Livestock and Pasture Office (OEP). Thus far, pelletizers have been made available by the CIGAR Research Program on Livestock (3 large and 2 small) and the German Organization for International Cooperation (GIZ) (a large and 2 small).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2019

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 农畜综合管理
• 收割后的措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Degradation by overgrazing

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 适应土地退化

注释:

When land degradation reduces yields, feel pellets are able to compensate for this. In addition, the alternative of feed by pellets might reduce the pressure on the land for grazing, potentially preventing overgrazing.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Tunisian Dinar

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

3.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Purchase Machine

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Large Pelletizer		1.0	9000.0	9000.0
技术建立所需总成本					9000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					3000.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Gather raw feed materials for inputs
2.	Compress inputs into pellets using the pelletizer
3.	Feed the pellets to livestock

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Using the pelletizer	Person-hour	2.0	3.0	6.0
植物材料	Olive cake	Kilogram	340.0	0.07	23.8
植物材料	wheat bran	Kilogram	320.0	0.25	80.0
植物材料	Faba Beans	Kilogram	300.0	1.5	450.0
植物材料	Minerals	Kilogram	40.0	0.44	17.6
其它	Electricity	Kilo watt	30.0	0.3	9.0
技术维护所需总成本					586.4
技术维护总成本，美元					195.47

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

This innovation can be implemented in many different environments.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

This innovation can be implemented in many different environments.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

This innovation can be implemented in many different environments.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

This innovation can be implemented in many different environments.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

Land use rights in Tunisia have a long history with religious (e.g. melk) influences and French influences. This resulted in that currently most lands are private owned or state owned

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Pellets can be easily stored, and then be used in periods of feed shortages
Pellets are made from local and cheap inputs
The pellets have good nutritional value, similar to the more expensive and imported pellets
The pelletizer is easy to use

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Inputs can come from by-products that would otherwise be wasted
Farmers are less dependent on expensive feed imports and their volatile prices
Pellets being an alternative feed source, reduces the pressure on grazing land
The pelletizer and produced pellets improve the value chain on a local level
When the pelleizer are used in a farmer organization context, it improves the cohesion within this organization. And it provides opportunity for further investment because pellets generate additional income.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Requires an initial investment	Improve funding schemes with banks or government to support these investments. Farmers can purchase the machine as cooperative.
Difficult to arrange permits from the government	Developing an approach by extension workers, who can then help the farmers
Difficult to get a 380 volt power supply from electricity companies	Developing an approach by extension workers, who can then help the farmers

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
By-products as inputs, might be difficult to come by if the farmers lacks the right network	Set-up a network to connect farmers with producers of suitable by-products
By-products are often only periodically available	Experiment with different inputs that are available in other period, to ensure whole-year availability

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Boubaker Dhehibi, Jebali Oussama, Aymen Frija, Udo Rudiger, Hassen Ouerghemmi, Zied Idoudi, Mourad Rekik, Monia Elayed, Anis Zaiem, Nizar Moujahed. (26/10/2022). Profitability of Manufactured Feed Pellets for Small-Scale Crop-Livestock Farmers in Tunisia. Beirut, Lebanon: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Udo Rudiger, Monia Aouinti. (2/6/2021). Locally manufactured feed pellets: Reducing chronic feed deficits and production costs/Les bouchons alimentaires: Réduire les déficits alimentaires chroniques et les coûts de

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/10159