1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology replaces the chemical fertilizer, urea, to restore soil fertility and improve vegetative growth and crop production. Also, it serves as a pesticide to manage insect pests.

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Collection of livestock urine allows resource-poor farmers to capture nutrient-rich livestock waste and use it to substitute urea fertilizer. It is a liquid organic product that restores soil fertility and pest management.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Enset, the “false banana”, is a perennial that grows well under the supply of organic fertilizers (farmyard manure, urine, compost and other household refuse). In the enset farming system, farmers traditionally shelter their livestock behind a partition within the main house. They construct a sloping floor in the livestock stall to allow the urine to drain into a narrow channel that leads to nearby enset and vegetable plots. However, construction of a collection chamber on the outlet side is an innovative approach which allows for better use of the urine. The collected urine fertilizes annual crops such as barley, maize, and vegetables - notably kale, carrots, and onions, via foliar and basal applications. Land users collect and preserve the urine for about 15 days before applying it to the target crops for the intended purposes. The urine is also used for pest management such as aphids and cutworms. According to the land user interviewed about 20 litres a day can be collected from six cattle. This implies the potential to collect about 7 cubic metres a year by a farmer: a considerable resource that should not be lost when there is an urgent need to restore soil fertility given ongoing and severe problems with land degradation. Therefore, urine collection and storage can be a way of reducing substantial investment in chemical fertilizers. To learn and showcase the benefits of urine as a replacement for urea fertilizer, a farmer sprayed 80 litres of urine twice onto 600 m2 of a ISFM+ barley demonstration plot. The sprayed amount replaced the equivalent of 6 kg urea that currently costs about 300 ETB.
Housing animals enables the collection of a reasonable quantity of urine to restore the soil fertility at the homestead and on the farm. Locally available bamboo helps to construct partitions and stall floors for the livestock as well as serving as a pipeline to drain the urine into a collection chamber. The benefits of applying urine goes beyond simply urea replacement, and its potential is merely limited by land users knowledge, skills, and motivation. These can be acquired via training, demonstration, exchange visit, and social learning. Land users like the role of urine in restoring soil fertility and boosting production. Furthermore, urine serves as integrated pest management via targeted application, deterring insects. However, the smell of the urine is unpleasant and may deter farmers from its use as they do not have safety clothes or masks to use when spraying the crop.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2022

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Purely collecting and using urine for target application to the crop as a replacement for urea fertilizer was introduced by ISFM+ of the GIZ. However, land users used to drain slurry of manure and urine from livestock stall to the nearby enset farm. Land users forge spraying vessels and collection pits lined with plastic materials and temporary shade to urine collection points.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Bimodal rainfall is received twice yearly (short rain Mid-February to Mid-April, and prolonged rain from June to September).

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农畜综合管理
• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 病虫害综合管理（包括有机农业）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Crop protection: it plays the role of Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

The nitrogen in urine stimulates the growth of various crops and non-crop wild species and restores degraded and potentially degradable lands.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

ETB

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

53.6283

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Construct collection chamber	Dry season
2.	Construct hats or covering lid for the chamber/collection pit	Dry season
3.	Lining drainage line heading to the pit with concrete	Dry season
4.	Storage vessels/barrel	Anytime
5.	Supplying safety clothes (wear, boots, gloves and mask)	In advance

注释:

Urine collection chambers, lids or roofs, storage vessels, safety wears, and spraying tools are essential for collecting, storing, and further treating urine before use.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Casual labor	no.	4.0	250.0	1000.0	100.0
劳动力	Carpentering	no.	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	50.0
设备	Safety wears (shirt & trousers, gloves, mask, boots)	Lump sum	1.0	3000.0	3000.0
设备	Watering cane	no.	1.0	1000.0	1000.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Effective Micro Organism	Litre	2.0	100.0	200.0	50.0
施工材料	Cement	kg	100.0	20.0	2000.0	50.0
施工材料	Stone	m3	1.0	2000.0	2000.0	100.0
施工材料	Corrugated iron	pcs	2.0	1000.0	2000.0	50.0
施工材料	Posts and nails	Lump sum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	50.0
技术建立所需总成本					13200.0
技术建立总成本，美元					246.14

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

ISFM+ of the GIZ

注释:

For the model farmer who pilots livestock urine collection for soil amendment and management of pests, supporting the construction of a standard collection chamber and supplying associated kits helps to train and facilitate scaling of the technology in the best way. Effective Microorganisms (EMO) is an input being tested to investigate whether it has the property of changing the stink of the urine collected for storage and use on the farm.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Effective Microorganisms	Throughout collection and application

注释:

The use of EMO to change the bad smell of urine, particularly during storage and application needs to be further investigated to prove and use it to reduce the abhorred side of collecting and applying urine for soil amendment and pest management.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	EMO	Litre	6.0	100.0	600.0	100.0
劳动力	Family labor	no.	52.0	100.0	5200.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					5800.0
技术维护总成本，美元					108.15

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

NA

注释:

With the assumption that the land user can collect, treat and use about 140 liters of urine per week for different crops, family labor can be used at a lower rate as it is not a full-day operation. Despite our estimation, material and labour costs change in Ethiopia persistently because of market instability and economic crisis that is not uncommon since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Economic crisis, spiking inflation, and overall labour and material market cost instability.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The topography is unremitting ups and downs.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Not available

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Surface and groundwater quality in the highland areas of Sidama region was not suggested as an issue. Rather, surface water can be polluted by soil erosion before the crops cover the ground.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The technology is piloted around the homestead. Agriculture is highly intensified in the area. Hence, only plantation forest or peripheral plants such as Eucalyptus species are the common tree species. This signals medium to lower species diversity that similarly applicable to habitat diversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The land user doesn't have off-farm income. He generates his livelihood from 2 hectares of land and a few livestock.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

The land was inherited from the family line. However, the adopted national constitution declared land belongs to the state and the users. Thus, usufructs issued by the government to the land user.

注释:

In Ethiopia, the 1995 constitution declared the land as state property but the farmer has usufructs right. As a result, the certificate was issued except in the pastoralist areas of the country. Of course, most people inherited specific plots of land from their lineage, though there was frequent land redistribution during the Derg and early years of the EPRDF regime.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

Although they mentioned the quality of both ground and surface water is good in the preceding section, the level of sanitation is not significant as the resident use water from the springs for drink and other household activities.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The on-site assessment is made based on conceptual knowledge of the beneficial effects of collecting and applying livestock urine as a replacement to urea fertilizer and the farmer and experts' knowledge on the fertilizer and pesticidal effects of liquid urine. Otherwise, careful documentation of various types of data is commendable to quantify and properly address such comprehensive questions included in the questionnaire.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

As an optimum application of urine substitute urea fertilizer, it favors the growth of diverse plant species, positively contributing to the overall ecosystem services and reducing degradations. However, it has not been empirically measured.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
季雨量	湿季/雨季	减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	未知

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
延长生长期	好
缩短生长期	适度

注释:

The technology has no direct influence on climate change/climate variability in the short term.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Post-establishment, the maintenance costs are believed to be very low. This shows the technology is cost-effective to resource-poor farmers.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

Forty-four (44) farmers are currently piloting this technology. Of these, 30 farmers are innovative and adopted the technology on their own using locally available materials to collect and spray urine as a complement to urea fertilizer to the target crops.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

注释:

Thirty farmers represent the most significant portion who spontaneously took up the technology.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

Unavailability of the right kits/materials

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Land users use locally available materials to collect, store and spray the urine on the target crops. Meaning the concept is introduced in a way it matches or complements conventional uses of livestock wastes to improve the fertility of soil on which Enset, a perennial crop is growing. Otherwise, standard designs or types of materials and safety precautions kits have not been associated with the technology. Despite the unavailability of the necessary kits for the establishment of the technology, farmers forge their mechanisms to collect and use urine. This indicates the innovativeness of the land/technology users.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Reduce costs spent on chemical fertilizer.
Increase yield per unit of land and land users' income in general. Furthermore, it increases the number of tillers per plant and overall biomass yield.
Manage insect pests such as cutworms and aphids.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
It seems a good substitute for chemical fertilizer, urea. It improves farmers' access to wasted resources without being used.
It restores the fertility of the soil and improves production and productivity, and species diversity which improves ecological benefits on top of the high return from the most minor investment in fertilizer.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Bad smell of the urine when sprayed on the target crops.	By ensuring access to necessary tools. Otherwise, they will not give up on using it since the benefit outweighs the loss.
Lack of spraying materials.	If not accessed spraying tools, the farmer committed to using locally forged ones.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Stinking of the urine while applying to the crop.	Try to test whether using Effective Micro Organism (EMO) can improve urine smell before using it in the field.
Lack of safety wear and associated necessary kits.	Improving access to the necessary materials, knowledge, and skills to use the available resources or materials effectively.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Use of Cow Urine in the Field of Agriculture. Singh, R. 2022

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/use-of-cow-urine-in-the-field-of-agriculture/

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Utilization of urine waste to produce quality cauliflower. Khanal, A., Shakya , S. M., Shah, S. C., Sharma, M. D. 2011.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.nepjol.info (Free access)

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Nitrogen concentration in the urine of cattle, sheep and deer grazing a common ryegrass/cocksfoot/white clover pasture. Doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2010.499899

URL:

https://www.tandfonline.com

7.4 一般注释

Not every question in the questionnaire is relevant to the Livestock urine collection for soil amendment and integrated pest management practices. Urine collection and use does not address every kind of land degradation stated in the questionnaire. However, it directly or indirectly addresses some of the SLM-related issues.