1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

Lime ameliorates the degraded soil due to growing soil acidity.

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Acidic soils deprive crops of their full nutrient absorption capacity. Lime application to these soil makes them less acidic. It breaks the barrier that fixes nutrients and ensures crops access to vital soil nutrients that unleash their productivity potential.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Acidic soils deprive crops of their full nutrient absorption capacity. The farm under the assessment has soil with a pH below 5.0. Lime application to these soil (liming) makes them less acidic. It breaks the barrier that fixes nutrients and ensures crops access to vital soil nutrients that unleash their productivity potential. Soil amendment with lime needs to be at least a month in advance of planting the intended crop. It requires thoroughly mixing the lime powder into the soil. The crop response from the treated soil is gradually visible, particularly during the second cropping season. Lime application takes place after the soil is pulverized very well. Most small cereals (for example “tef”, Eragrostis tef, wheat and barley) need tillage at least four times to create a good environment for the small seeds to emerge and quickly compete effectively with the weeds.

Treating exhausted acidic soils enhances the availability of nutrients that otherwise remain fixed by non-leaching mineral elements in the soil. Application of lime along with organic fertilizers improves soil structure, soil pore space, and soil infiltration capacity. Treating acid soil increases crop production and productivity of the soil. It reduces labour costs relative to output, since it leads to a relatively high yield from a small area. The practice helps to stop land being converted from cropping to grazing. Even when this conversion occurs, the grazing land itself is poor because of the acidity and may be abandoned and simply become unproductive degraded land.

However, availability and accessibility of lime, transportation, and manual application to the farmland are challenging. Based on the degree of soil acidity, the amount of lime required can be high. Apart from the large quantity required (4 or more tonnes per ha), the price per unit is discouraging to smallholder farmers. The high price, poor supply, and delays in delivery are the main challenges to effectively address the prevailing issues of soil acidity.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2017

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

• Bureau/office of agriculture

注释（项目类型等）:

The project is an Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM+) with a focus on acid soil management in the highland and high rainfall regions of Ethiopia through the application of integrated practices, and by adopting a participatory.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）
• 农畜综合管理
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The agronomic measures also involve the application of lime and mixing up with the soil weeks before planting the main crop.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

The technology improves biomass production and the biodiversity of the farmland.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

The technology reduces soil acidity, improves soil productivity, and increases crop production.

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

ETB

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

53.12

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Land preparation	In advance of the main planting season.
2.	Lime transportation to the farm	One month in advance
3.	Lime application	1 month before planting.

注释:

The wage is inclusive to a pair of oxen.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Land preparation	PDs	8.0	400.0	3200.0	100.0
劳动力	Lime transportation	PDs	10.0	100.0	1000.0	100.0
劳动力	Lime application	PDs	4.0	400.0	1600.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Lime	ton	2.0	5000.0	10000.0
技术建立所需总成本					15800.0
技术建立总成本，美元					297.44

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

ISFM+ of the GIZ covers input costs at the beginning of introducing the technology. Of course, the project covered input costs for 600m2 of the farmland just to demonstrate the technology.

注释:

Uniformity of cost is the estimation for a hectare of land just to standardize and simplify understanding of the cost of technology. Otherwise, farmers apply lime on areas of land below a hectare, which could be on a quarter or one-eighth of a hectare. That is why the term local units such as "sanga" is introduced in subchapter 4.2 above. Essentially, as the availability of lime and affordability to access and transport to the farm is another issue, land users lime their farm on an incremental basis year and again.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Land preparation	2-3 times before lime application
2.	Lime application	A month before planting the crop.

注释:

Other subsequent activities post planting such as weeding, harvesting, etc., are the regular jobs of the land users that are not computed as cost for adopting this technology.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Land preparation	PDs	8.0	400.0	3200.0	100.0
劳动力	Lime application	PDs	4.0	400.0	1600.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Lime	ton	2.0	5000.0	10000.0	50.0
技术维护所需总成本					14800.0
技术维护总成本，美元					278.61

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Cost sharing of the land users is expected with the ISFM+ project to sustain independent uses of the inputs and avoidance of dependency on external actors. However, for the demonstration plots, the cost is covered by the project.

注释:

Once applied, the lime believed to serve its purpose for about consecutive five years.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Global increment of Fuel prices influences the corresponding increase in the price of inputs and other services costs in addition to the prevailing economic crisis and persistently rising inflation.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The type of soil is Nitisol with acidity of pH 4.94.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The prevailing soil acidity strongly affected the diversity of flora and fauna.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The 73 year old land user is convinced by the effects of lime on treating soil acidity. The abandoned land regained its productive potential and favours the regeneration of the lost species.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

The land is inherited but administered by the state based on the existing constitution.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	适度

注释:

This part may not be directly related questions to the technology. However, liming acid soils improve the resilience of crops to decrease in rainfall as the technology gradually improves soil properties including water retention capacities.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

Few individuals did by their own.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Fix problem of soil acidity.
Increases crop production from a given land unit.
Increase biomass production and improve soil structure.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Improve land users understanding of SLM.
Motivate farmers to share cost for accessing the inputs or purchase it by their own.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Demands a relatively higher amount to effectively treat a given land unit.	The land users need to treat their land on a gradual basis.
Difficult to transport large size of lime to the farm.	Need to mainstream well the cost-benefit of using lime to the land users.
Cost per 100 kg is high (about 500 ETB)	More subsidy is demanded from the government.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Low amount, and untimely supply of the inputs.	Serving providing organizations/governments need to increase the quantity of supply in time wanted by the land users.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Soil Acidity and its Management Options in Ethiopia: A Review. Golla, A. S. 2019. DOI:10.18535/ijsrm/v7i11.em01

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.ijsrm.in › index.php › ijsrm

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Leta, G., Schulz, S., Alemu, G. 2020. Agricultural extension approach: evidence from an Integrated Soil Fertility Management project in Ethiopia. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 7(4): 1-13. DOI: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020331

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://journal.hep.com.cn/fase

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (SLMP) TRAINING SERIES: FIELD GUIDE TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT

URL:

www.slmethiopia.info.et

7.4 一般注释

Page 13 crop rotation and intercropping interpolated, or the computer-based one does not matched with a paper-based questionnaire.