1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Green manures are fast-growing legumes sown in a field, weeks or even months before the main crop is planted. These are plants that are deliberately grown for incorporation into the soil to improve fertility and organic matter content.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Green manures are grown with the prime purpose of building up as much biomass as possible. However, they also play a role in covering the ground and protecting it from solar radiation and soil erosion. These are plants that are deliberately grown for incorporation into the soil to improve soil fertility and organic matter content. They are generally fast-growing legumes sown in a field several weeks or months before the main crop is planted. Legumes are chosen due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, their drought tolerance, quick growth, and adaptation to adverse conditions. Green manures have the potential to restore soil fertility and have an ameliorating effect on climate change via the sequestration of atmospheric carbon.
Green manures supply the soil with great amounts of fresh biomass. After incorporation into the soil, the biomass is decomposed by soil organisms within a few weeks under humid and warm conditions. Most nutrients are then readily available to a new crop. A small proportion is also transformed into stable soil organic matter, contributing to better soil structure, better aeration, improved drainage, increased soil water and nutrient holding capacity, and reduced erodibility of the soil by wind or water. Soil microbial activity is increased, as is the availability of macro and micronutrients in forms that the plants can use. They also have a root system that holds the soil in place.

Green manures are often applied to degraded land that demands management interventions. The purpose of introducing the technology reported here is primarily to multiply seeds for the scaling out of the technology. Among the common green manure crops which are being used in Ethiopia are lupin and lablab. Land users benefit from the sale of the seed itself as well as the fact that green manures increase production and help to changes unproductive and abandoned land into productive assets. This technology has been distributed to virtually all Integrated Soil Fertility Management project (ISFM+) intervention woredas/regions as a component of intervention technologies/practices.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2020

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology was introduced by the Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project (ISFM+) of the GIZ.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农畜综合管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

It brings back degraded soil and revives its productive potential.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

ETB

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

53.12

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Land preparation	Dry season
2.	Planting	Sow the green manure seeds during the short rainy season in March/April, about 45-60 days before planting the main crop.
3.	Slash and plowing over	Plow in the green manure about 2 weeks before planting the main crop, i.e. in June/July.

注释:

GM are ideally allowed to grow up to the flowering stage when biomass is the greatest and the plant material will still easily decompose, as it is still green and not yet woody.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Land preparation	PDs	3.0	200.0	600.0	100.0
劳动力	Slashing and plow over	PDs	1.5	200.0	300.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting	PDs	1.5	200.0	300.0	100.0
植物材料	Green manure seed	kg	37.5	8.0	300.0
技术建立所需总成本					1500.0
技术建立总成本，美元					28.24

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The initial cost for introducing green manure seed is produced by ISFM+ of the GIZ.

注释:

Labor and other input costs are frequently changing in current Ethiopia.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Labor for land preparation, planting, and slashing over.	Before planting the main crop.

注释:

It is more important if green manure is frequently used to improve soil fertility. According to the land user, using green manure increased the harvesting of Faba beans by 50% from the indicated land unit.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Land preparation, planting, slashing and plow over	PDs	4.5	200.0	900.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	PDs	37.5	8.0	300.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					1200.0
技术维护总成本，美元					22.59

注释:

Once accessed, the land user is expected to retain seed for the other years to come. The cost estimated using a hectare of land is just to standardize using the SI unit and simplify understanding by the readers.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Cost is highly volatile in Ethiopia. It could be attributed to global and national economic crises and price changes.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The topography has a rolling feature that consistently changes.

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

There is high habitat biodiversity in the nearby remnant forest.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The land user generates additional off-farm income is serving as a security guard for water depots that build for the nearby Bedele city.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 租赁

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

The land user inherited the land from his father.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

Apart from electricity, the land user is closer to other public facilities and services.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

As it is a recent introduction, the impact of the technology on the off-site is just conceptually judged.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The technology needs land users knowledge and skills and less of financial expenses.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

Most adopters are member of the Farmers Research and Extension Group.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improve soil fertility.
Reduce soil acidity.
Increase grain yield.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
It stops the soil from being carried away by wind and rain by providing ground cover during early season when flash rain/wind causes erosion.
Increases soil microbial activity, and the availability of macro and micronutrients in forms that the plants can use.
After the plow over, most nutrients are then readily available to a new crop.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Labor demanding for establishment and maintenance.	Continues awareness raising work regarding the indirect benefits generated from the technology in terms of amending the soil fertility and reducing issues of soil acidity.
Lack of tangible benefit as most farmers expect yield.	Convince the land users about the indirect benefit accrued from using green manure.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Farmers may be unwilling to put in the labor or buy the seed needed.	Advocate the sustainable benefits triggered by using green manures so that the mindset of the land users would be changed.
Lack of awareness of green manuring as a soil fertility management option since it is a recent innovation in Ethiopia.	Create more awareness and institutionalize its benefit in the mainstream agricultural extension system to reach out to large number of beneficiaries.
Many farmers look for an immediate economic product, such as grains, from any crop that is grown.	Again, this need familiarizing the land users to the in kind benefits accrued from the application of green manure. Demonstrating the technology and arranging experience exchange visit is pivotal to scale out the technology/practice.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Managing Land: A practical guidebook for development agents in Ethiopia. 26. RELMA & MARD. 2005.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

It is public resource.

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Green Manures

URL:

https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/articles/green-manures#

7.4 一般注释

Some questions in the questionnaire are irrelevant to this particular technology.