1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology is very friendly to SLM since it restores soil fertility and improves the chemical, physical and biological properties of the soil.

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Improved compost making using “static pile” systems transforms organic material from plants and/or animals into high-value, rich organic compost. It demands less labour, and less time to reach maturity than conventional systems as it thoroughly mixes the ingredients at the beginning which precludes the need to turn the heap later.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Improved composting using static pile systems transforms organic material from plants and/or animals into high-value, rich organic compost. This compost can be prepared in a heap form, where the ingredients are thoroughly mixed and wrapped within a polyethylene sheet. Notably, white polyethylene has the role of intercepting sunlight and improving the solarization effects on weed seeds or wild species arbitrarily used as biomass for improved compost production. This technique accelerates the breakdown of the organic materials faster because it heats up the compost as part of the decomposition process. Accordingly, the compost reaches maturity in 60-70 days. Compost provides the crop with balanced nutrients and helps to increase the soil's organic matter content. It has long‐term, and short‐term effects on plant nutrition as nutrients are continuously released. It is an organic matter resource with the unique ability to improve soils' chemical, physical and biological properties. Improved compost is applied in rows for vegetables and small cereal crops but spot application (planting holes) is employed for large cereal crops such as maize. The application is on an incremental basis year and again to reach out to the large size of lands. In principle, as the nutrients are slowly released, they may not need a continuous application like chemical fertilizers.

Improved compost-making requires 12-15 wooden pegs 1m high each supported by horizontal bars/string, to form a round structure. The interior is lined with plastic sheeting, then thoroughly mixed ingredients, including coffee hulls, ash, livestock manure, crop residues, livestock urine, water, and chaff are mixed and piled before being sealed in the structure. Unlike the mainstream heaps or pits types of composting, it doesn’t need turning. Therefore, this technique reduces labour requirement, and is liked by the users who have been piloting the technology. The relatively short maturity date also enables it to be produced at least twice a year during the offseason. Compost is prepared around the homestead – which allows closer attention - using livestock urine, manure, and house refuse.

In most of Ethiopia's central and western highlands, soil degradation is a severe issue. Soil acidity has become a growing problem challenging the livelihoods of smallholders. Thus, countering the negative effect of degradation and acidity through producing and using organic fertilizers is a key strategy. However, it is essential that the resources of biomass, family labour, skills and motivation, are combined to ensure sustainable land for crop production. From end users' observations and analysis, improved compost restores soil fertility. It increases yield as well as grain quality: this has been proved by testing the grain compared with the harvest where only chemical fertilizers have been applied. Farmers prefer the simplicity of preparing improved compost to the conventional method, and appreciate its role in improving yield and grain quality as well as reducing the labour demand.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2022

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Improved compost preparation was introduced by local NGOs known as FC Ethiopia that arranged experience exchange visits to a few farmers in the Arsi Zone of Oromia. A proactive farmer inspired by the technology outdid what he had observed during his visit. He continued inspiring the surrounding community by preparing improved compost with rich ingredients and early maturing capacity compared to conventional compost production.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Sources of water supply for improved compost making can be steams or groundwater. However, the compost can be applied to both the rainfed or irrigated agriculture.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农畜综合管理
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Applying organic fertilizer to the farm stimulates the regeneration of the lost wild species on the farm.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

The production and use of organic fertilizer improve soil fertility, regenerates lost species, and improve plant and animal biodiversity. Compost improves the vigorous growth of the crop, plant colour, and crop production. It also improves the rooting system, extends the grain filling period by about 20 days compared to the plot with chemical fertilizers, increases the number of ears/plants and seeds per ear in maize, etc.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

ETB

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

53.12

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Select site and constructing the structure.	During the off-season particularly right after harvest when adequate biomass is available.
2.	Collecting ingredients for compost making.	During crop harvest
3.	Thoroughly combine the ingredients and seal.	After materials are ready to make the heap.
4.	Harvest/open and dry the compost on open air.	Six to seven weeks after piling the compost.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labor	PDs	5.0	100.0	500.0	100.0
设备	Spade	number	1.0	300.0	300.0
设备	Reck	number	1.0	160.0	160.0	100.0
设备	Machete	number	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	Sickle	number	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
施工材料	Posts for peg making	number	2.0	50.0	100.0	100.0
施工材料	Horizontal bars	number	5.0	10.0	50.0	100.0
施工材料	Strings	meter	12.0	10.0	120.0	100.0
施工材料	Polyethylene sheet	meter	14.0	50.0	700.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					3430.0
技术建立总成本，美元					64.57

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

So far, the district/Woreda Office of Agriculture covered the cost of the spade for participating model farmers in the training as an incentive.

注释:

Cost of making or producing the technology is largely covered by the land users themselves. District SLM experts provide technical support and monitoring the land users activities on irregular basis. It is only the labor cost and some expendable supplies that are demanded every other time. Otherwise, materials are reused for the perpetuation of compost production.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

注释:

Essentially, improved compost making does not need visible maintenance work. Rather it aspires collection of inputs or materials to perpetuate production of compost. Such activities can be considered as recurrent activities that ensure compost production on sustainable basis.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labor	PDs	5.0	100.0	500.0	100.0
施工材料	Plastic sheet	meter	14.0	50.0	700.0	100.0
施工材料	Posts	number	2.0	50.0	100.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					1300.0
技术维护总成本，美元					24.47

注释:

The estimated cost is only to construct one structure that allows the preparation of about 6-7 m3 of compost. If a farmer wants to produce as much compost as possible simultaneously, the material and labor demand can be doubled or quadrupled.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Material prices are also variable because of economic instability and price fluctuation. In general, the cost is inconsistent because of inflation.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Topography (5.2) does not define improved compost as a practice/technology. The above questions are addressed merely to describe the site where the technology was applied. The technology can be applied in diverse landforms or slopes as long as necessary ingredients and issues that call for mitigation are experienced.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The soil types is Nitosol and soil pH is about 5 on average.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

There is declining biodiversity because of the increasing degradation of the soil.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

具体说明:

He accessed land redistribution through the local government.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

As the farmland is closer to all-weather roads and the district town, the farmer can easily access almost all of the facilities in the area.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

Quantifying the positive or negative effects of technology demands the documentation of different facets of the technology which is virtually lacking. In most cases, farmer's responses and expert's opinions were used to addressing the comprehensive questions in the questionnaire.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Improving soil fertility increases biodiversity and reduces multiple adverse effects of degradation on the environment.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
季节性温度	旱季	增加	非常好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
延长生长期	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The benefits accrued from the application of technology (improved compost) increases overtime as the rate of nutrient adsorption or release of the elements is on a gradual basis as compared to chemical fertilizers. The return remains positive despite variations in temporal and the degrees.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

About five farmers were adopted in one village. It is spreading in a similar manner over the other areas.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

So far, the farmer is adopting through advisory services and familiarization with the technology via exchange visits. However, the visited farmer increased the number of ingredients used as feedstock for compost production compared to what he had seen during his visit to the Arsi zone of Oromia.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improve soil fertility and reduce acidity on gradual basis.
Increase grain and biomass yield and quality of the crop.
Generate income from the sale of compost.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
It reduces the investment cost on chemical fertilizers.
Shortly mature compared to conventional compost making, enabling more composts to be produced.
It reduces labor costs as an overturning operation is exempted.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Intensive labour during planting (transport to the farm and implement row or spot application) depending on the crop types.	Promote labour-sharing arrangements with neighboring peers, engage family labor, and use necessary farm tools such as wheelbarrows to transport to the nearby farms.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Introduction of the technology is steered by soil fertility improvement department of the district office on piecemeal basis.	Need popularization via the extension system. This demands institutionalizing the technology as the best technology/practice.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Soil Fertility Management: An introductory Fact-Sheet for Farmers and Projects.Organic Exchange. 2009

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

free online

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Making and Using Compost for Organic Farming

URL:

https://eorganic.org/node/2880

7.4 一般注释

The questionnaire is broad and often goes beyond the general feature of a technology. Of course, strict documentation of the different features of the technology are desirable.