1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

GIZ India (GIZ India) - 印度

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - 肯尼亚

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - 印度

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology described here is the application of biochar on homestead land. This technology positively impacts soil health and crop production.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Biochar is a carbon-rich solid formed from the organic residue by pyrolysis. Biochar is a stable, highly water and nutrient-retentive product that benefits microorganisms and has a very high carbon sequestration potential. Farmers in the project area have applied it to their homesteads or kitchen gardens.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Biochar, a sustainable soil amendment, is produced through pyrolysis, where organic matter such as wood or agricultural waste is heated in a closed container under low-oxygen conditions. Applying biochar to soil has numerous benefits for improving soil health, such as enhancing soil fertility, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving soil microbiology, and reducing soil erosion. One of the most significant benefits of biochar is its ability to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide into the soil, which can help mitigate climate change by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Biochar can also remove contaminants from soil and water and serve as a compost component.

Biochar also reduces the emission of ammonia and carbon dioxide (Cabeza et al. 2018), lowers soil compactness, optimizes compost (Liang et al. 2010), improves water retention and the sorption of heavy metals, increases the availability of micronutrients for plants and increases the pH of soils (Van Zwieten et al. 2010). Biochar also stimulates the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms and mycorrhizal fungi (Głuszek et al. 2017). These bacteria and fungi may also promote plant growth (Compant et al. 2010). The pH values of biochars are positively correlated with the formation of carbonates and the contents of inorganic alkalis (Ding et al. 2014). The pH value of biochar ranges from 6.5 to 10.8. It is advisable to test the pH values of both soils and biochar to reach at the optimal quantity of biochar to be applied in the field.

In the Mandla district, agriculture is the backbone of the economy, and farmers are constantly adopting new farming technologies to increase their agricultural production. One such technology that has positively impacted more than a thousand farmers in the region is the application of biochar in homestead land under a GIZ-funded Soil protection and rehabilitation of degraded soil for food security in India (ProSoil) program. Biochar in this region is prepared using low cost Biochar Kiln units developed by Indian council of agriculture research institutions, traditional methods, such as digging soil pits and burning organic residue while covering its top with soil. Since the Mandla district is a high-rainfall region, most farmers broadcast biochar over their fields before growing rabi (winter) crops. Commonly grown rabi crops in this region are mustard, vegetables, and maize.

Farmers in the Mandla district use small units of biochar production. The recovery rate of biochar is 20%, with a capacity of 100kg of organic material. The application rate per unit area varies from farmer to farmer.
1. Landholding: Farmers with more extensive land holdings or generally rotationally applied biochar in the parcels.
2. The intervention of biochar application was introduced in this region in 2020. The new practice is evolving, and the application rate of biochar varies from farmer to farmer depending on the availability of raw materials and labour availability (family/hired)

The most suitable biochar application rate is 10 − 20 t/ha. Moreover, it is essential to consider the compatibility and complementarity between biochar, soil texture, and management factors such as Nitrogen (N) application rate, pH values and growing environment into consideration (Yang Gao et al., 2021). More scientific studies are needed to define the quantity of biochar needed based on the local soil conditions. However, the current quantity of applications is very low compared to suggested in secondary documents.

The immediate effects of biochar application on crop production have been significant, with farmers reporting an increase in crop yield by 20-25% across most crops. Simple indicators such as increased grain weight and improved grain quality imply that the crop produced is of higher quality. Another critical benefit highlighted by farmers of biochar application is the retention of soil moisture over a longer duration compared to non-treated fields. Biochar can help the farmers of the Mandla district increase their agricultural productivity while promoting sustainable land use practices.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2020

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The application of biochar for improving soil health and crop production was introduced in this region through the GIZ-funded program

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 减缓气候变化及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

注释:

As per the district census handbook of Mandla District 2001, the land use pattern of Mandla District is: 61% - under forest area, 21% - cropped area, 5% - not available for cultivation, 7% - under fallow land, and 2% - cultivable area. The net area irrigated is 7% of the net area sown, which has hardly increased in recent times (~9%).

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

注释:

There has been no change in land use pattern due to project interventions.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Mandla has nearly 9% of its net sown area irrigated. The homestead land, where biochar is applied during the rabi season, has some irrigation from surface- or groundwater sources.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The application of biochar in the field has improved the water-holding capacity of the soil along with enhanced microbial activities. This has resulted in better and long-duration vegetation as farmers are in position to cultivate vegetables throughout the year.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Biochar acts as soil amendment which helps in improving soil health and status of nutrients in the soil. Some studies have also suggested increase in soil organic carbon as a result of biochar application. Farmers in the project area were also advised to reduce the tillage practices to minimise the soil disturbance.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Prior to the application of biochar, farmers were applying synthetic fertilisers and pesticide which was degrading the land. The replacement of synthetic fertilisers with Biochar (also FYM and cow urine mixed with it) has prevented further soil degradation.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

INR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

82.5

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Purchase of Biochar Kiln Unit	Once in 4-5 years

注释:

Since it's a seasonal activity there are not many activities which can be categorised here.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Biochar Kiln unit	Number	1.0	9000.0	9000.0	10.0
设备	Transportation	LS	1.0	2000.0	2000.0	10.0
技术建立所需总成本					11000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					133.33

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Project has financially supported the local environment committes in purchase and setting up of the Biochar Kiln units

注释:

Biochar is prepared by a low-cost method:
1. Using Soil pit kiln - Human Labor cost is usually applied as no capital cost is involved in this method.
2. Using Portable Kiln - Its cost generally range from 12000 -14000 Rs if purchased from the ICAR institutions and their associated fabricators. Sometimes farmers also get it made from the local fabricators which cost Rs 4000-6000

Refer to the following Study: Biochar production from Lantana camara (invasive species);-

https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_6690/

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Preparation of Biochar using the Lantana Camara	After the monsoon season (September)
2.	Preparing the biochar for application by mixing it with cow dung and cow urine	During Rabi Season (Oct-Nov)
3.	Application of Biochar in homestead land	During Rabi Season (Oct-Nov)

注释:

A low-cost method of biochar preparation (traditional soil pit or portable kiln method) is used for biochar preparation. Due to simplicity in design, barely any cost is involved in the maintenance of the unit.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Transportation of biomass and its drying before biochar production	Person-day	2.0	200.0	400.0	100.0
劳动力	Preparation of Biochar by family members	Person-day	2.0	200.0	400.0	100.0
劳动力	Mixing biochar with cow dung and cow urine and making it ready for the application	Person-day	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
劳动力	Biochar Application	Person-day	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Biomass for Biochar production (Approximate)		1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Cow dung	kg	20.0	5.0	100.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Cow urine	kg	20.0	5.0	100.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					1900.0
技术维护总成本，美元					23.03

注释:

A majority of the cost mentioned here is an opportunity cost for the farmers as they do manage all these expenses internally with available family labour and input materials such as cow dung, cow urine biomass etc.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The primary factor affecting the cost is the labor cost for applying biochar to the field and the easy availability of biomass/crop residues/Lantana for biochar production

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Mandla District is hilly and forested (Satpura hill range) and highly undulating with a narrow strip of cultivated plains in the valley portion of the river and rivulet. The plateau is in the northern part, formed by basalt and east-west trending hills in the southern part. The highest elevation is 934m ASL in the northern region, and the lowest elevation is around 400m ASL.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The soils in the area are generally clayey loam types with sandy loam soil in some areas. In the northern and central parts of the District, the undulating plateau with mounds is covered with slightly deep soil. Regarding the classification of ‘Soils of the World,’ the soils of Mandla are characterized as ‘brown earth.’ These types of soils have developed from granite gneiss and quartzite schist complexes.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The pre-monsoon groundwater level in the area ranges from 3 to 14 meters below ground level. (District at Glance, Mandla, Central Ground Water Board, 2013). The locations have a river flowing close to the area; however, access to the surface and sub-surface water is a primary concern. Basaltic lava flows of the Deccan trap underlie the Mandla District. All blocks of the district including project block Bichhiya are categorized as safe blocks. The net groundwater availability in the district is 53779 hectare meters (ham), and the groundwater draft for all uses is 8205 ham, making the Stage of Groundwater Development 15% as a whole for the district. The area's topography, soil, and geology do not let water remain for long durations, causing water scarcity in summer. The irrigation facilities are poor and limited to areas adjoining dams and canals.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The area is surrounded by the Kanha National Park and Phen Wildlife Sanctuary, with a good presence of forest area. Thus biodiversity is outstanding. Ecological assessment report in Mandla (where this Technology is applied) showed improved biodiversity on common lands under village governance compared to open-access or commons under government ownership. On average, the Shannon diversity index (https://www.statology.org/shannon-diversity-index/) of managed common lands was 1.45 compared to 0.42 for the open access or ungoverned commons. Most of the sites under open access lands are infested by Lantana camara, which is the main reason for the lower biomass and diversity of the ungoverned grounds. More information about the biodiversity in Mandla can be read through the following link.

https://mpsbb.mp.gov.in/completedProject/MB.pdf

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

A large majority of the user belonging to the tribal community, including some households from an ethnic community called Baiga.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

The concerned authorities have issued landowners the land certificates.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

Over the years, there has been a development focus from both the Government and other civil society organizations to bring out the facilities at the door of communities, which has improved access of different facilities.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

All the indicated impact measures are based on discussions with farmers, implementing agencies and other stakeholders. These were reported as per their observations, eye estimations and approximation.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The scale of implementation is not large enough to have an ecosystem level impact

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
其他渐变气候	When biochar is added to soil, it can sequester carbon in the form of stable organic matter, which can remain in the soil for hundreds or even thousands of years. This carbon sequestration can help to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thereby mitigating climate change.	减少	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The benefits as indicated above are much higher than the cost involved. More importantly cost is too less as all the resources are being managed internally by the farmers.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

More than 3000 farmers

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increase crop production
Improve the quality of farm produce
Improve soil water holding capacity

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Improved soil health
Mitigate climate change
Increase in soil nutrient content
Reduction in cost of inputs

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Manual labor is required for the preparation of biochar	Innovating/adopting automation in biochar preparation
Decentralized preparation of biochar	Developing enterprise for selling cost-effective biochar in a localized manner

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Limited understanding of standardization of biochar quality and rate of application	Conducting more research studies and documenting experiences of farmers

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Significance of biochar application to the environment and economy, Babalola Aisosa Onia,⁎, Olubukola Oziegbeb, Obembe O. Olawole

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2019.12.006

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Impacts of biochar application on upland agriculture: A review, Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriyaa,1, Yong Sik Oka,1, Yasser Mahmoud Awada, Sang Soo Leeb, Jwa-Kyung Sungc, Agamemnon Koutsospyrosd, Deok Hyun Moone

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.085

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: A review, Getachew Agegnehua,⁎, A.K. Srivastavab, Michael I. Birda

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.008

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11157-020-09523-3

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

District at glance - Mandla

URL:

http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/MP/Mandla.pdf

标题/说明:

District Census Handbook Mandla

URL:

http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2097/1/38136_2001_MAN.pdf