1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Strengthening national-level institutional and professional capacities of country Parties towards enhanced UNCCD monitoring and reporting – GEF 7 EA Umbrella II (GEF 7 UNCCD Enabling Activities_Umbrella II)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric (National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric) - 不丹

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

This technology is practiced for decades without any problems regarding land degradation. While leaf litter collection can have positive effects when managed sustainably, there are also potential negative impacts associated with excessive or improper leaf litter collection

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Leaf litter collection is the practice of collecting leaf litter from a designated forest area called sokshing and using it as bedding material for cattle. It then forms a constituent of farmyard manure which is applied to farmland.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Leaf litter collection, is the practice of collecting leaf litter from a designated forest area called sokshing and using it as bedding material for cattle. It then forms a constituent of farmyard manure which is applied to farmland. The term 'sokshing' comes from 'sok' meaning leaf litter and 'shing' meaning tree. The tradition of harvesting leaf litter from a designated forest area for agricultural use has been in practice for decades in the life of Bhutanese farmer (Chettri et al., 2012). According to BHUCAT, 2012, the use of sokshing is a widely used traditional farming practice in Bhutan with dominance in temperate regions but spreading into more humid subtropical areas. Leaf litter from the forests is used for the purpose of livestock bedding and then farmyard manure (FYM) production. Leaf litter as animal bedding is kept for a few months to almost a year. In Bhutanese society leaf litter is an important component of agriculture because of its contribution to manure production with most communities having designated specific forest management units for its production and collection for individuals or for communities. Sokshing is an important and highly relevant system and it continues to be important for villagers, even in the face of changing livelihood and institutional orientations. The government recognises sokshing and its institutions as a relevant mechanism for community forest management (Dorji et al., 2003).
Leaf litter, predominantly gathered during the winter when the leaves have fallen, is collected from the forest floor by cleaning the entire understorey. It is carried to the farm and stored before being used as bedding material for cattle, providing comfort and insulation from cold. It is then mixed with cattle manure to form farmyard manure (FYM), (BHUCAT, 2012). FYM and mineral fertilizers are the two main sources of plant nutrients in Bhutan. Farmers not only depend on forests for leaf litter but also for livestock feed and construction materials (Gautam, 2009). FYM is a mixture of animal dung, crop residues, and other organic materials and plays a vital role in enhancing soil fertility and improving crop productivity. Its application to agricultural fields provides numerous benefits. Recent research by Gupta et al. (2022) demonstrated the positive impact of FYM on soil health and crop yields. The study found that FYM application significantly increased soil organic carbon content, which is essential for soil structure, water holding capacity, and nutrient retention. Furthermore, FYM enhanced the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, promoting optimal plant growth and development. Additionally, FYM improved soil microbial activity, leading to enhanced nutrient cycling and improved nutrient uptake by plants.
Leaf litter collection plays a role in ecosystem health and functioning. The accumulation of fallen leaves on the forest floor contributes to nutrient cycling, soil health, and moisture retention. Despite its benefits, the sokshing process exposes the forest's soil to erosion because all the leaves, debris, and undergrowth are removed. Nutrient mining occurs over time as a result of the annual removal of leaf litter, and many sokshing forests exhibit stunted growth and other signs of forest degradation. However, on balance, when used in conjunction with dairy production, sokshing offers a low-cost, readily available supply of bedding and then organic fertilizer, although it is labour-intensive.
In some situations, there may be specific benefits in removing the litter. A recent study by Jiang et al. (2021) emphasized the importance of leaf litter collection for mitigating the negative impacts of invasive species. The research found that invasive plants can alter the decomposition rates of leaf litter, disrupting nutrient cycling and leading to changes in soil properties. By collecting leaf litter, especially in areas where invasive species are prevalent, we can minimize their detrimental effects and help preserve the ecological balance.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

Traditional farming practices in Bhutan

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

• Bedding materials for cattle

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Owner grows all the cereal crops (Locally known as 'Dru na gu'). The farm is the focus for the FYM application so that is described here.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

注释:

Owner grows all the cereal crops (Locally known as 'Dru na gu'). The farm is the focus for the FYM application so that is described here.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Irrigation is relied upon for crops like chili and cole crops when rainfed conditions are insufficient.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理
• 农畜综合管理
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

They are collecting leaf litter from forest

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

that farmland is protected against degradation because FYM application however, Forest land are left barren after collecting the residues exposing the area to natural calamities such as erosion, destroying natural habitats of microorganisms.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 不适用

注释:

While this technology may not directly address land degradation, it involves utilizing forest residues to produce farmyard manure (FYM) for crop cultivation, leading to improved fertility of the cultivated land. however there are also potential negative impacts associated with excessive or improper leaf litter collection to the forest area.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Ngultrum

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

82.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Site selection	Winter
2.	Collection of cosnstruction materials	Before on set of rain
3.	hiring of labors	Before the cultivation
4.	Construction of the cow shed	winter
5.	collection of leaf litters from the forest	winter
6.	Stocking and use of leaf litter as bedding materials in the cow shed	winter
7.	Let the leaf litter decompose for a month or more	anytime
8.	Application of FYM during the field preparation	Before the cultivation of crops

注释:

Establishment is done based at his own convenience and he has to bear all the establishment cost

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力		person days	15.0	800.0	12000.0	100.0
设备	Spade	no.	6.0			100.0
设备	crowbar	no.	3.0			100.0
设备	pickaxe	no.	2.0			100.0
设备	sickle	no.	3.0			100.0
设备	wire	metre	50.0			100.0
设备	knife	no.	3.0			100.0
设备	Power chain	no.	1.0			98.0
施工材料	nail	kg	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
施工材料	Timber	nos.	150.0	350.0	52500.0	100.0
施工材料	CGI sheet	nos.	20.0	780.0	15600.0	100.0
其它	Working Lunch and Refreshment	person day	15.0	410.0	6150.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					86750.0
技术建立总成本，美元					1057.93

注释:

All the cost for construction including labor charge and food are all covered by the owner

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Timber/wood change after damage caused by rain and heat
2.	CGI sheet replacement
3.	Leaf litter collection
4.	FYM production

注释:

Repairment and repayment of construction materials are done when ever there is damage caused.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力		person	10.0	800.0	8000.0	100.0
设备	spade	nos	5.0			100.0
设备	crowbar	nos	3.0			100.0
设备	pickaxe	nos	2.0			100.0
设备	sickle	nos	3.0			100.0
设备	wire	metre	20.0			100.0
设备	knife	nos	3.0			100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea	packets	2.0	1300.0	2600.0	100.0
施工材料	Nail	kg	0.5	250.0	125.0	100.0
施工材料	Timber change	nos.	30.0	150.0	4500.0	100.0
施工材料	CGI sheet change	nos.	8.0	780.0	6240.0	100.0
其它	Working lunch and Refreshment	Per Person	10.0	410.0	4100.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					25565.0
技术维护总成本，美元					311.77

注释:

Maintenance cost are all borne by the owner

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

There are no additional off-farm income-generating activities besides vegetable production, which has an impact on the overall costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitude:
slope angles: 3%

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil Type: Sandy clay loam
MC (%): 6.84
OM (%): 7.98
OC (%): 4.64
pH (H20): 5.98
EC (µs/cm): 250.20
N (%):0.23
P (ppm):0.33
K (mg/100ml):140.07

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The region comprises a mixture of forest, shrub-land, wetlands, alpine habitats, agricultural land, and areas around human habitation

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Owner is a native of Lingmukha

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

• Family

• Family

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

Water User Group and bylaws

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

Many of the household are average earned farmers so they are accessible to good infrastructure facilities.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

Soil fertility and crop production improvement after technology.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Disturbance to microorganisms and soil vegetation of forest. There may be downstream siltation if too much forest is denuded.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	不好
年降雨量		减少	未知

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

29 households

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

They have been using this technology for more than 5 decades without receiving materials, incentives and payments

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Soil fertility improvement
Improved crop production.
Minimise the cost for buying chemical fertilizers.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Enhance soil structure
Sustainable nutrient recycling
Cost effective option or low cost technology

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Habitat alteration	Reforestation and one alternative can be use of kitchen waste
Labor intensive	Labor exchange and power tillers for transportation

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Depletion of forest recourses	Strong policy on leaf litter collection

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

NSSC Bhutan catalogue of soil and water conservation approaches and technologies, 2012

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Website

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Traditional practice of leaf litter harvesting and utilization by farmers in west-central Bhutan: Paving the way for sustainable management

URL:

https://ag2.kku.ac.th/kaj/PDF.cfm?filename=07-Rekha.pdf&id=825&keeptrack=8

7.4 一般注释

This technology doesn't fit easily into the form because it has three components (litter collection/ FYM production from bedding/ application to the field