1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

Climate-Smart Village Approach [不丹]

Climate change has become inevitable, and there is a need to address this impending danger. In the Climate-Smart Village (CSV) approach, land users in Ngaru-Pongtang have implemented several technologies and innovations to address climate change impacts, and the programme has worked with 50 households on a total area of 137 …

• 编制者： ONGPO LEPCHA
• 07/13/2023 1:58 p.m.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Low-cost plastic-lined water harvesting ponds collect and store rain and overland flow water for agricultural and domestic purposes in the dry season. They are both economic and efficient.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Low-cost plastic-lined water harvesting pond are used to collect and store rain or overland flow water for agricultural purposes in the dry season. They are economic and efficient. These ponds are required in the context of irrigation water shortages. Although rainfall has been projected to be increasing (NCHM, 2017), irrigation water shortage was - and continues to be - one of the major constraints in crop production (IHPP, 2017).
Water from precipitation and surface water sources is lost due to inadequate collection and storage. Villages at the top of the hills, in particular, suffer from acute irrigation as well as drinking water shortages. To tap and collect wastewater, rainwater, and water from other perennial and non-perennial sources, low-cost plastic lined water harvesting ponds are proposed. This water can be used during the dry or “lean” season for agricultural as well as household purposes.
The proposed model pond (plastic sheet size; 9m * 7m) costs less than Nu. 25, 000 (USD 315) for construction but can hold more than 27, 000 litre of water. The same dimension of pond if constructed using concrete, would cost more than Nu. 1, 19, 000 (USD 1500). Furthermore a 10, 000 litre synthetic tank available on the market costs more than Nu.35, 000.
Irrigation water shortage results in fallow lands. It is reported that 6,400 acres (2,600 ha) of irrigable land was left fallow in 2016 and 26 % of the total households surveyed were affected by irrigation water shortages (DoA, 2016). By reducing fallow land and increasing crop production, this technology could be a stepping stone towards food self-sufficiency – as well as providing water for consumption by people and livestock.
Though a similar technology is said to have introduced in the country many years ago, the present form of the technology was introduced to Barshong gewog in Tsirang Dzongkhag by the ‘Himalica’ pilot project in 2014. However, the proposed technology has been modified and improved to suit to the topography and needs of farmers in Bhutan. The proposed pond design is a reverse truncated square pyramid shape unlike the cuboid shape ponds of ICIMOD’s. The pond is designed in such way as to increase pond stability and ease of construction.
Concrete tanks require specific construction methods and faults can develop with ice freezing and expanding in cracks in tank walls during the winter (Slater, 2011). Plastic (silpaulin) sheet lined ponds are leak-proof and primarily depend on the longevity of the plastic sheet unlike concrete tanks. Concrete water tanks, (especially elevated tanks) are also prone to damage due seismic activities (Housner, 1963).
The low-cost plastic lined water harvesting pond adopted is cheap, environmentally friendly, and has positive social impacts. It reduces irrigation water constraints, addresses fallow land problems, and supplements water for domestic purposes. The technology is a tool for reducing poverty, expanding cultivated land and increasing food self-sufficiency resulting in a healthier and happier society.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

不丹

区域/州/省:

Dagana Dzongkhag

有关地点的进一步说明:

Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

技术现场是否位于永久保护区？:

否

注释:

The technology is located in the land users field.

Map

×

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2019

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology was initiated by Agriculture Research and Development Centre Bajo through fund support of Food Security and Agriculture Productivity Project of the World Bank. Drujegang, Kana and three blocks of Lhamoidzingkha sub-district of Dagana districts were selected as the project sites.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

农田

• 一年一作
• 乔木与灌木的种植

年作 - 具体指明作物:

• 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子
• 根/块茎作物 - 土豆
• 蔬菜 - 叶菜（色拉、卷心菜、菠菜和其他）
• 蔬菜 - 其他
• 蔬菜 - 根茎类蔬菜（胡萝卜、洋葱、甜菜等）

• chilli, onion

乔木和灌木种植 - 指定作物:

• 柑橘属

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

采用间作制度了吗？:

是

如果是，说明哪些作物是间作的:

Vegetables intercropped within citrus orchard

采用轮作制度了吗？:

是

如果是，请具体说明:

The land users grow different crops in the same area. For example, if they plant potatoes this year, they plant beans next year.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 集水
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

结构措施

• S5：大坝、集水斗、水池
• S7：集水/供水/灌溉设备

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

• Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀

水质恶化

• Hs：地表水良变化

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Site selection for pond construction:
Choose a site for the pond at the top of the farm for easy flow/use of water to the agricultural fields. Select the site only at the stable soils to avoid collapse, and bursting of the pond. Water sources for the pond may be perennial water sources, rainwater gutter systems, water from tap stand, and waste water from farm house or a combination of the different sources.
Materials required: The materials required for making the pond are:
1.Plastic sheet of desired length and breadth
a.250-300 GSM (gram per square meter)]
b.UV stabilized
2.Measuring tape (30m)
3.Shovel, spade, and crowbar
4.Mosquito net or similar ones
5.HDPE pipes, gates valves
6.Fencing materials (bamboo poles, wooden poles, barbed wire, nails, wire mesh, binding wire)
Procedure to dig the pond:
1.Clear the vegetation and level the ground to construct the harvesting pond.
2.Measure the base length (l), and the base breadth (b) on the leveled ground. These length and breadth will be the length and breadth of the pond floor. Dig out the soil till 1.2 m height (h) to construct a cuboidal pond.
3.From the top edges of the cuboidal pond, measure distance ‘g’ in all four sides. Make slanting cuts from the top to the base on all four sides. Scrap off soils on all sides to obtain slope of 700. The gradient is made for slope stabilization and convenience to lay out plastic sheet.
4.Make the cut surfaces including the floor smooth by using mud and cow dung paste or mud paste in order to avoid damages to the plastic sheet while laying out and when filled with water. The pit ready to lay out plastic sheets should have the dimensions.
5.Carefully lay out the plastic sheet over the pit. Keep an anchor length (overlap) of 0.5m on all sides of the pit. Fix wooden or bamboo pegs or iron rod through the eyelets of the plastic sheet and or cover the overlapping plastic edges by at least 10cm of mud or soil to strongly anchor the plastic sheet.
6.Construct a drain with 30cm width and 30cm depth around the edges of the plastic sheet which was covered with soil or mud. The drainage should slope towards a suitable drain out area.
7.Fence the pond using wire mesh/bamboo/wooden poles/timber to prevent mishaps or accidents. Fill the pond with water only after fencing. Galvanized wire mesh is preferable.
Using water:
Water from the pond can be used in the following ways:
Directly siphoning off with a pipe
Pumping up with a small motor pump
Taking out with suitable containers
Inserting a drain out pipe at one of the base corners.
The insertion of the drain out pipe should be done during the construction of the pond.

Note: The stone wall may be required in specific situations if built in a slope like this one but not generally needed. Technical drawing of the water harvesting pond without the cement structure is available at http://rcbajo.gov.bt/leaflet/ also shared under section 7 of this document.

作者:

Ongpo Lepcha

日期:

08/12/2023

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Ngultrum (Nu.)

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

80.0

4.3 技术建立活动

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The cost were for plastic sheet and wire mesh and were funded by Food Security and Agriculture Productivity project and Green Climate Fund project.

注释:

Pit digging and laying of plastic sheets were all done manually by the land users. Bamboo used for fencing purposes was available locally. The labour cost was not borne by the land users as they implemented a system of labour-sharing where land users reciprocate by working for an equal number of days at other land users' households as compensation.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

注释:

Due to the unpredictable rainfall patterns and the associated risk of landslides as the pond is located on steep slopes, the farmer was required to reconstruct and reinforce the pond by utilizing cement to provide additional support. Ponds located in the plain or lower gradient do not require support using concrete walls.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The cement was supported by the government.

注释:

Boulders and stones used were collected from the land users' field.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most important factors that affect the cost are the construction materials and labour. In this particular situation, cement wall is also one of the major factors affecting the cost although it is not usually required.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Moisture content 3.38%, organic matter 4.19%, Organic carbon 2.44%, pH 6.31, electrical conductivity 93.30 µs/cm, nitrogen 0.12%, phosphorus 0.36 ppm, Potassium 301.07 mg/100ml, texture Loamy sand.
The soil analysis was conducted at the Science Laboratory of College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Lobesa, Punakha.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

注释:

The technology copes well with the decreasing rainfall as it captures the limited rainwater and makes it available for agricultural use.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

All the farmers who have adopted the technology were partially funded (external support).

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The location of the water harvesting technology on slopes presents a risk of potential landslides caused due to climate change effects such as heavy rainfall. Therefore, the structure of the technology was modified to address this issue by providing support using the cemented wall. The modification is suitable for the steep slopes and is not required on the plain areas.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Low cost plastic lined water harvesting pond

URL:

http://rcbajo.gov.bt/leaflet/