1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric (National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric) - 不丹

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology enables remote monitoring of the growth and development of fruit trees ensuring the sustainable use of land and its resources. Further, the technology aids in the success of the Million Fruit Tree Plantation Project reducing the risk of converting cultivable land to fallow.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Geocoding of fruit trees allows remote monitoring and progress tracking of the growth of seedlings. The Smart App MoDA (Mobile Operation and Data Acquisition) is used in geocoding.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Geocoding of the “million fruit trees” initiative has been carried out across Bhutan. Different fruit trees suitable for particular agroecological zones were planted in farmers' fields in twenty districts and each sapling was geocoded.
The main elements of geocoding fruit trees involve assigning unique geographical codes or coordinates to individual trees within an orchard, utilizing technical specifications and equipment such as handheld GPS to accurately determine the location. The potential benefits of this form of geocoding include:
1. Location Mapping: Geocoding allows fruit trees to be accurately located on a map, providing a visual representation of their spatial distribution. This mapping can help identify patterns, clusters, and gaps in tree distribution.
2. Data Integration: Geocoded data can be integrated with geographic information systems (GIS) and other data sources, such as climate data, soil information, and topography. This integration provides a holistic view of the factors influencing fruit tree growth and productivity.
3. Precision: Geocoding provides precise coordinates for each fruit tree, enhancing the accuracy of data collection and analysis. This precision is crucial for making informed decisions regarding tree management and resource allocation.
4. Monitoring and Management: Geocoded fruit tree data enables efficient monitoring of tree health, growth, and potential issues. It facilitates targeted interventions, such as irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, based on the specific needs of individual trees or clusters.
5. Yield Estimation: By combining geocoded data with relevant environmental and growth information, it's possible to estimate the potential fruit yield in specific areas. This information aids in resource planning and harvest predictions.
6. Disease and Pest Management: Geocoded data can help identify patterns of disease or pest infestations. Early detection through geocoded monitoring can enable prompt intervention and prevent the spread of pests or diseases.
7. Biodiversity Analysis: Geocoding allows researchers to study the diversity of fruit tree species in different regions. This analysis can be useful for conservation efforts and understanding the ecological impact of specific tree species.
8. Research and Analysis: Geocoded fruit tree data serves as a valuable resource for scientific research. Researchers can study the effects of climate change, urbanization, and land use changes on fruit tree populations and ecosystems.
9. Decision-Making: Geocoded data assists farmers, agricultural agencies, and policymakers in making informed decisions about land use, tree planting initiatives, and resource allocation for sustainable agriculture.
10. Community Engagement: Geocoded maps of fruit trees can be shared with communities, promoting awareness of local resources, fostering community engagement, and encouraging initiatives like urban orchards or community gardens.
11. Data Visualization: Geocoded data can be visualized using maps and spatial tools, making it easier to interpret and communicate information to various stakeholders.
12. Long-Term Tracking: Geocoded data allows for long-term tracking of changes in fruit tree populations, aiding in the assessment of the success of planting initiatives and the overall health of the environment.
The major activity of the technology is marking the fruit trees with the help of GPS so that these geocoordinates can be useful in tracking down the exact location of the plant. Geocoding is labour-intensive as the field workers need to be physically present in the field while carrying out the activity. Then the data recorded in GPS is transferred to the computer and analyzed using ArcGIS. This information is available to the policymakers and Agriculture officers and is shared with the Extension Agents through which it is disseminated to the land users.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2022

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The geocoding of the million fruit trees in the country was initiated as per the directives of His Majesty the 5th King of Bhutan where all the saplings are funded by the Royal Government of Bhutan. Plantation and geocoding were done by the Desuups (Desuup is the highest form of the voluntary act in Bhutan. They wear orange uniforms and are also known as the Guardians of Peace).

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The technology aids in maintaining land cover by ensuring vegetative coverage of the land in which geocoding enhances easy management and improved health of the fruit trees such as apples, dragon fruit, banana, areca nut, kiwi, avocado and others.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Fruit tree plantations will potentially prevent land degradation in the long term by giving cover and strengthening soil structure by its roots.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Ngultrum (Bhutanese Currency)

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

82.62

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Meeting between Gewog leaders and land users	NA
2.	Identified a village for planation	NA
3.	Identified households that wanted the seedings and number of seedlings	NA
4.	Site identification	NA
5.	Orchard layout	NA
6.	Pit digging	NA
7.	Plantation	March- April
8.	Basin making	After planation
9.	Geocoding	After one month of orchard establishment
10.	Growth Tracking	After every six months

注释:

The above information is limited to only Mewang Gewog, Thimphu Dzongkhag.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Desuup (Guardians of peace) - Volunteers	Person-days	6.0
劳动力	Farmers	Person-days	10.0	800.0	8000.0	100.0
设备	Shovel	No.	10.0			100.0
设备	crow-bar	No.	5.0			100.0
设备	Spade	No.	20.0			100.0
设备	GPS remote	No	6.0	12000.0	72000.0
设备	Tabs/ mobile phones	No.	6.0	15000.0	90000.0
植物材料	Apple	No.	3500.0	70.0	245000.0
植物材料	Walnut	No.	1000.0	120.0	120000.0
植物材料	Almond	No.	500.0	120.0	60000.0
植物材料	Peach	No.	1000.0	70.0	70000.0
植物材料	Pear	No.	2000.0	70.0	140000.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Manure and fertillizers	Metric Tonnes	16.0	1600.0	25600.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					830600.0
技术建立总成本，美元					10053.26

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Almost all the cost were covered by the Million Fruit Tree Project of Desuung National Service and Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock jointly.

注释:

The total cost calculated is for planting and geocoding. The actual costs borne by land users are very minimal. The only cost the land users have to bear is labour cost and fertilizer cost. The high cost of the project is contributed mainly by seedling cost, GPS remote, tablets and mobile phones which was used during the marking position of fruit trees.
Cost for shovel spade and crowbar is not included as they are available at the farm and are reused.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Weeding	Twice a year
2.	Fertillizer application	Twice a year
3.	Irrigation	Once a week
4.	Replacement of dead plants	After 6 months from plantation
5.	Growth tracking	After every six month

注释:

The information obtained are through verbal communication with the Agriculture Extension Officer of Mewang Gewog.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Weeding and fertilizer application	Per year	4.0	1600.0	6400.0	100.0
劳动力	Irrigation	Litres
劳动力	Geocoding	per plant	8000.0
植物材料	Replacement of plants	per plant	10.0	70.0	700.0
技术维护所需总成本					7100.0
技术维护总成本，美元					85.94

注释:

The geocoding was done by the Desuung volunteers. so, the exact costs cannot be deduced.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Most important factors affecting the costs are seedling and labour cost.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The area was characterized by a steep valley near the river with minimal slope as the valley widened.

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The availability of water in Mewang Gewog was a concern since a decade ago. Irrigation water was not enough for every farmers which resulted in delayed paddy plantation.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The species of flora and fauna diversity cannot be quantified under "high" as per the field observation. The area was surrounded by coniferous forest which generally has low biodiversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The majority of the land users who were part of the Geocoding of million fruit plantation had already established apple orchards.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

The drinking water is insufficient as some households face scarcity of drinking water.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	非常好
季节性温度	夏季	增加	非常好
年降雨量		增加	非常好
季雨量	夏季	减少	非常好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地雹灾	非常好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	非常好

注释:

The technology copes very well with gradual climate change because it sends rapid messages to farmers on actions to take (e.g., concerning pests and diseases). In a way it’s a form of early warning systems (EWS).

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Although the initial establishment of the orchard is costly considering the labour charge, it is expected to have positive income and impact once the fruit trees start bearing.

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

Total 8000 fruit trees are planted in the five Chiwogs (third level administrative division under Gewog) under Mewang Gewog.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

Almost all those who adopted the technology are funded by the government.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
1. Precision Mapping: Geocoding allows for accurate mapping and identification of fruit trees. By assigning specific geographic coordinates to each tree, it becomes easier to locate and monitor individual trees or orchards.
2. Efficient Resource Allocation: Geocoding helps optimize resource allocation by providing information on tree density and distribution. Land users can identify areas with high fruit tree concentrations and strategically allocate resources such as labour, water, fertilizers, and pesticides, leading to improved productivity and reduced costs.
3. Data-driven Decision Making: Geocoded data on fruit trees can be analyzed to gain insights into their distribution patterns, growth rates, and health status. This information enables land users, researchers, and policymakers to make informed decisions regarding fruit tree cultivation, pest control, and disease management.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
1. Conservation and Biodiversity Analysis: Geocoded fruit tree data aids in the conservation and analysis of biodiversity. By mapping the locations of different fruit tree species, experts can assess the distribution and abundance of specific varieties, identify endangered local or traditional landraces varieties, and develop strategies for their preservation.
2. Targeted Marketing and Distribution: Geocoded fruit tree data facilitates targeted marketing and distribution strategies. By understanding the location of fruit trees and their yields, producers can identify potential markets and plan transportation logistics more effectively, minimizing waste and ensuring timely delivery to consumers.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Geocoding large numbers of fruit trees can be a time-consuming and resource-intensive task, particularly when manual processes are involved. It may require extensive fieldwork and manual data entry, making it impractical or costly for large-scale fruit tree inventories.
Privacy Concerns: Geocoding fruit trees raises privacy concerns, particularly when tree locations are associated with specific individuals or properties. Care must be taken to ensure that privacy is respected and sensitive information is appropriately handled	An updated and secured security-protected website can be used.
Lack of knowledge of geocoding by the farmers.	Provide awareness trainings

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The higher expense of the geocoding in terms of labour cost for geo-coding	Train land users on geocoding, instead of using trained professionals.
Difficult to constantly update information on time.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

De-suung National Service (DNS). (n.d.). Million Fruit Trees Plantation

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://desuung.org.bt/25978-2/#:~:text=In%20order%20to%20monitor%20the,from%20the%20date%20of%20plantation.

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Million Fruit Trees Plantation Initiative launched

URL:

http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=166763

标题/说明:

Kuensel. (2022). Million Fruit Trees Plantation Initiative launched. Thimphu.

URL:

Website: https://kuenselonline.com/414000-fruit-trees-planted-in-45-days/

标题/说明:

Geocoding of trees from street addresses and street-level images

URL:

https://www.fs.usda.gov/psw/publications/vandoorn/psw_2020_vandoorn001_laumer.pdf