1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Strengthening national-level institutional and professional capacities of country Parties towards enhanced UNCCD monitoring and reporting – GEF 7 EA Umbrella II (GEF 7 UNCCD Enabling Activities_Umbrella II)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

National Soil Services Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & Livestock (NSSC) - 不丹

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology is not problematic with regard to land degradation. Indeed, the terraces helps in avoiding and reversing land degradation by reducing surface erosion, retaining soil moisture and improve soil fertility.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Soil erosion by water is one of the major problems in hilly or mountainous countries like Bhutan. In such areas, effective erosion control measures are required to reduce the slope gradient and minimize surface runoff. Among many SLM interventions, mechanical bench terracing is one of the most widely promoted and popular technologies in Bhutan.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Bhutan is one of the most mountainous countries in the world and agricultural activities are carried out on slopes up to 35 degrees (70 percent). Erosion by water is one of the major causes of land degradation. In such areas, effective erosion control measures include reducing slope gradients to minimize runoff by creating a series of level platforms or “bench terraces” along the contour. Current bench terracing is made using small to medium-sized earthmoving machines called excavators, and thus the technology is called Mechanical Bench Terracing. This is one of the main SLM measures promoted widely and most preferred by landowners who claim that it reduces soil erosion, improves soil fertility, conserves soil moisture, and eases field operations. Bench terraces create impact by 1) helping minimize the risk of soil erosion caused by surface runoff, 2) effectively regulating water flow, and 3) preventing soil saturation by allowing better drainage. Additionally, bench terracing transforms previously unusable or less productive land into cultivable areas, maximizing the utilization of limited land resources. A typical bench terrace on a 20-25 degree slope has a terrace bed of 2-5 m meters and a riser of 0.75 to 1 metre high. The risers are made of earth and the terrace is made flat most of the time to prevent runoff of rainwater.
Establishing and maintaining bench terracing involves a feasibility study of the sites, participatory planning, hands-on training of the landowners, and surveying of contour lines using A-frames. There is also procurement of construction materials, arranging labour and machines and training machine operators. Once constructed, proper water management, soil fertility, and nutrient management practices are crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability and productivity of the terraced land. Furthermore, knowledge and training on crop cultivation techniques, field management, and maintenance are vital to optimize the benefits.
In summary, bench terracing offers numerous benefits. These include:
1) Overall reduction in land degradation
2) Soil conservation by prevention of erosion by runoff
3) Conservation of soil fertility
3) Increase arable land available for cultivation
4) Ease of mechanized field operations with level terrace beds
5) Water conservation and drainage6) Improved crop production

Land users like the fact that bench terracing provides land that is easier to work. The land is better utilized for cultivation, resulting in improved productivity. Land users generally appreciate its numerous benefits in terms of land productivity, soil conservation, and water management. What they dislike are the expense and labour input if expenditure has to be borne by the land owners and neither machine operators nor small to medium-sized machines are readily available in the market for hire.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2019

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Mechanical bench terracing in Bemji Village was implemented by Dzongkhag Agriculture Sector with technical support from the National Soil Services Center and funded by GEF-LDCF, UNDP

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 创造有益的经济影响

• Improve farm mechanization

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

The crops are grown mostly for self consumption, however, the surplus productions are sold at the weekly local market in Trongsa Dzongkhag (District).

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

In the past when terracing was not done only flat land was used to grow cereals but sloppy ones were left as grazing land or kept uncultivated. After terracing land user were able to use most of their land for cropping.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

According to the land user, the water supply is mostly rainfed; however, water for irrigation is also readily available.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Bench terracing is generally constructed to prevent and reduce land degradation due to surface runoff caused by water/rainfall.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Ngultrum

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

80.62

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Feasibility study	Based on land user and extension agents convenience
2.	Participatory SLM Action planning	Based on land user and extension agent convenience
3.	Hands on training for land owners and machine operator	Prior to actual implementation of the activity
4.	Bench terracing by machine	When the land is fallow (Nov-Feb)
5.	Leveling and removal of stones	Based on land user convenience

注释:

It take about three weeks to implement all the activities in 2.40 acres of land

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	person-days	98.0	500.0	49000.0	100.0
设备	Excavator	nos	1.0	40916.0	40916.0
技术建立所需总成本					89916.0
技术建立总成本，美元					1115.31

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The land owner bore about 32% of the total cost while the remaining cost was covered by the GEF-LDCF Project

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Maintenance of terrace bunds	When ever necessary

注释:

According to the land users, maintenance of the technology involved very little expense because once the terrace was formed the land became more stable.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Once the terraces are well established the maintenance costs are minimal.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

However, excess rain can cause flooding in the terrace but instances like this has never happened.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

As most of the terraced fields are properly fenced with electric fencing, the incidences of wild animal crop damage are minimal.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

The traditional legal system in our country is as per the Land Act and the Land Rules and Regulations of the Kingdom of Bhutan, which dictate the overall land use in the country.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
年降雨量		增加	非常好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地雷暴	非常好
局地雹灾	不好
局地雪暴	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
滑坡	好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	不好
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The land users were not able to explain very clearly the benefits of the technology. This is because land users were supported by the government for the establishment of the terrace. They didn't have any idea how much would it cost if they had to do everything by themselves.

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

16 hhs covering 19.50 acres of vulnerable land were brought under bench terracing in Bemje village

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Agronomic management and working have become relatively easier: with bench terracing working with animals or machinery for tillage activities becomes very easy unlike in slopes.
Land can be better utilized, despite decreased total cultivated land: Terrace provides land users the option to fully utilize the available land. If it was a slope, even if they have more land they cannot use them for farming.
Prevents the degradation of the land by rain: The main purpose of terracing is to reduce and prevent land degradation caused by surface runoff.
Irrigation water is better utilized and conserved: When the surface is properly leveled irrigation water is well distributed.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Prevents landslide: Since the surveyed area was located on the mountain slopes, there are chances of slides if measures were not taken and bench terraces were not made.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
It is a very expensive affair: If machinery and laborers have to be managed by individual land users it would be very expensive.	However, in Bhutan, the technology is mostly funded by the project and Government of Bhutan
Land users could not convert all available land into the terrace.	More support from the government so that they can convert all slopy areas into terraces.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Since bench terracing required huge expenditure it is difficult for the owners to bear the full cost	To implement the intervention through donars fund on cost sharing basis

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Bizoza, A. R. (2011). Institutional Economic Analysis of Bench Terraces in The Highlands of Rwanda. Farmers, Institution and Land Conservation. Wageningen University

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/29235864.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Mesfin, A. (2016). A Field Guideline on Bench Terrace Design and Construction. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://nrmdblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/bench-terrace-manual.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Dorji, S. (2017). Soil Conservation in Serthi Gewog: A Case Study. Samdrup Jongkhar Initiative.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.sji.bt/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Soil-Conservation-Pilot-Impact-Area.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

BTFEC. (2019). Evaluation of Sustainable Land and Management and Innovative Financing to Enhance Climate Resilience and Food Security in Bhutan. BTFEC.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CIF-Report1.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Sustainable Land Management: Guidelines and Best Practices 2021

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.nssc.gov.bt

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Turning slopes, dry land into viable agricultural land in Trongsa

URL:

https://www.undp.org/bhutan/stories/turning-slopes-dry-land-viable-agricultural-land-trongsa

标题/说明:

Bench Terraces: Classification and Maintenance | Soil Management

URL:

https://www.soilmanagementindia.com/soil-erosion/terracing/bench-terraces-classification-and-maintenance-soil-management/15307