1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - 德国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - 肯尼亚

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - 印度

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The application of city compost improves the soil health

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The use of city compost is a sustainable solution for addressing the problem of waste management and soil degradation. Under this technology, urban municipal waste is composted and used as organic fertiliser in agriculture. This relieves the cities’ waste management, enhances rural soils and in turn improves farm productivity.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In India, over 377 million people live in almost 8,000 cities or towns. They generate 62 million tons of municipal solid waste annually, according to the country’s government. More than 80% of such solid waste is deposited indiscriminately without treatment at dump yards in an unhygienic manner. In the Indian countryside, the ecological sustainability of agriculture has been at risk due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and monoculture since the ‘Green Revolution’ led to the degradation of land.

City compost is one of the solutions to both problems. Waste collected by municipal corporations is processed to make compost. During this process, organic waste is collected in the cities, recycled, processed to compost, and finally used as organic matter by farmers complementing the traditional farmyard manure. In such manner carbon that is contained in the waste is recycled back into the soil thus enhancing agricultural production.

Nashik Municipal Corporation in Nashik town of Maharashtra State in India has set-up a waste processing plant in the town. This plant processes the city’s organic waste into compost through a scientific process. The processed city compost is packed into bags of 50 kg each and these bags are supplied to fertilizer companies and further on to farmers. There are Government subsidies available to farmers for the purchase of compost bags subject to documentary proofs and other conditions.

Under the “Soil Protection and Rehabilitation for Food Security (ProSoil)” project of GIZ, farmers and FPOs (farmer producer organizations) have been supported for the application of city compost in their fields. Supported by the implementing agency WOTR (Watershed Organization Trust) the city compost application in farmer's fields in 3 districts of Maharashtra namely Ahmednagar, Jalna and Dhule has been introduced. Interventions covered more than 3000 farmers and around 1100 Acres of land. The entire intervention is implemented with the help of FPOs, which procured the city compost from ‘The Nashik Waste Management Centre’ and sold the procured material further to the farming communities. This has ensured easy availability to the farmers without incurring undue travel cost. Farmers applied the city waste compost in their farms during the month of May/June (before the onset of monsoon) to different crops.

City compost was applied to different crop combinations such as paddy-chickpea in Dhule District (moderate irrigation facility), greengram-sorghum in Ahmed Nagar District (Rainfed conditions) and soyabean-wheat in Jalna District (irrigated conditions). Farmers have seen the benefits of city compost across all crop combinations and geographies. The application of city compost has been of benefit to farmers in reducing the usage of synthetic fertilizers along with reducing the dependency on farmyard manure as it is getting scarce day by day. Farmers have also realized the improved soil health leading to better productivity of their farms.

The Indian government has also launched several initiatives to promote the use of city compost in agriculture. For example, the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture provides financial assistance to farmers for the purchase of city compost, and the Fertilizer Control Order allows the use of city compost as a fertilizer. Although developing city waste as compost and its application in the farmer's field is a nascent approach from the India Government and other stakeholders, however looking at the availability of waste, the commitment of the Indian Government through its ‘Clean India Program’ and the vast issue of synthetic fertilizers usage and high subsidy burden, the use of city compost in agriculture has the potential to contribute to sustainable solutions in the area of waste management while improving soil health and reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers in India.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2021

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Developing city compost is a result of research by various agencies. However, the application of the city compost technology is part of the Pro-Soil project of GIZ.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

• Reduce municipal waste

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

The intervention is mostly applied on cropland.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

The rainfall pattern varied from location to location and farmer to farmer depending upon the accessibility to canals and availability of resources to lift the ground water. Most farmers in Ahmednagar are rainfed farmers while in Jalna they have some irrigation facilities.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）
• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 废物管理/废水管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Application of city compost is an agronomic measure as it needs to be applied every year and is closely linked to the agricultural cycle. The application of city compost adds organic matter to the soil and improves the soil fertility.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Application of city compost can significantly reduce the usage of chemical fertilisers in the soil as it can supply the required nutrients to the soil. It is also a relatively cheap option.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

INR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

80.0

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

There are no establishment activities involved in the intervention as farmers are buying the city compost and applying it annually in their fields. The establishment of city compost plant is out of the purview of farmers and their institution.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

There is no establishment cost involved in the intervention as farmers are buying the city compost and applying annually in their fields. The establishment of a city compost plant is out of the purview of farmers and their institutions.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Purchase of city compost by FPO and transportation to the base location	April/May
2.	Selling of the city compost among the farmers	May
3.	Application of city compost in the field by farmers	May or early June
4.	Mixing of the city compost in soil using the cultivator or rotavator	May/June (Immediately after the application)
5.	Irrigation of the field	Mid June or at the onset of Monsoon (farmers having assured irrigation due with their own sources)
6.	Sowing of the seeds	June or early July
7.	Intercultural operations (Weeding, nutrient management, pest application, crop monitoring)	July-October
8.	Harvesting of the crops	October/November

注释:

The timing of these activities may vary a bit based on the crops sown by the farmers or the onset of monsoon rains

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Application of city compost	Person days	2.0	300.0	600.0	100.0
劳动力	Irrigation	Person days	2.0	300.0	600.0	100.0
设备	Hired machinery for mixing the city compost in soil	Hours	2.0	900.0	1800.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	City compost	Ton	2.5	1200.0	3000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					6000.0
技术维护总成本，美元					75.0

注释:

The cost towards other operations such as sowing, intercultural operations, pest management and harvesting is not covered here as these costs are not directly associated with the documented intervention.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The cost of city compost is available at a subsidised price of INR 1000 per ton incl. transportation. Non-subsidised prices range at INR 3000 per ton plus transportation. Project farmers could get it at subsidised rates. However, the non-availability of required documents may be a hindrance for farmers to avail the subsidised prices.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The altitude of district ranges from 500 to 750 meter above sea level. Except a little over 4% area, most part of the district is plain area.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soils vary from reddish brown to dark grey and are commonly grouped as light to medium black soils. In very few places deep black soil is also observed.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

As per the water samples collected by the Central Ground Water Board, 73% samples were reported as high salinity water (EC in the range of 750-2250 qS/cm). Please refer to: (http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Maharashtra/Ahmadnagar.pdf

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

A large majority of the area is a water scarce area with a dry long spell being a common feature. As indicated above the quality of water is also poor, which makes it even unusable for irrigation. During the last couple of years there has been enormous efforts to develop the surface water harvesting infrastructure in project areas.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The western hilly part of Ahmednagar District has forests. Teak, Babul, Dhavada, Haldu and Neem are trees found in these forests. Fruit trees like Mango, Tamarind, Amala, Bor are also found in the District.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Due to poor rainfall patterns and non-availability of irrigation, most farmers are in a position to cultivate only 1-2 food crops in the year. The prevalence of cash crops is very minimal. Farmers have been grouped into 4 farmer-producer organisations formed under the Pro-Soil Project. All of these groups have a good representation of women farmers.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

注释:

All the project farmers have land titles either in their name or their family members' name. These land rights are transferred among the family members as part of the Indian land transfer systems.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

In terms of infrastructure and services, Ahmednagar is well-connected with most services. However, still there is a scope to improve these further to make farmers' life better.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

Overall, city compost has replaced the usage of synthetic fertilisers

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The off-site impact can be contributed in terms of the reduction of waste at the waste processing site. However, this may not directly be linked to farmers' application of city compost in their farms.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	未知
季节性温度	冬季	增加	未知
年降雨量		减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	未知
寒潮	未知
极端冬季条件	未知
干旱	适度

注释:

The technology being very new its long-term impact of it is not well documented or assessed. However, compost in general is good for maintaining soil moisture and thus suited to the conditions of long dry spells.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

City compost does not have any establishment cost at the farmers' level. In terms of maintenance cost, it is beneficial to farmers both in short term and long run.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

1100

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

Most of the farmers have paid the money for buying the city compost from FPOs. Support from the project has been towards creating awareness, setting up the demonstration plots and handholding of FPOs.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
A good replacement for farmyard manure (dung) as its availability is a challenge due to reduction in numbers of livestock
Improved productivity of major crops
Farmers have observed improvement in soil moisture and soil texture which indicates a better soil health

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This is an excellent mechanism to promote the waste management and address this long-standing problem of the country
An economically cheaper option to meet the composting needs of farmers thus promoting the natural farming
A good business line for FPOs as city compost is generally not available in the market
In the longer run, regular application of compost can improve the soil organic carbon

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Currently available in Nashik city only which is 150 km from the project area	Collective procurement by FPO and selling it to its members
Prices of city compost are very high at the non-subsidised prices	Farmers can keep their documents updated to get the subsidised compost. Also put up an application to concerned authorities for continuation of subsidy.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Regular supply from the waste processing plants. Many such plants do not operate regularly due to internal and external reasons.	FPOs can undertake some longterm contracts with the company. Also in the long run they can set-up small plants for local-level composting.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

City compost in India – from waste to healthy soil

URL:

https://www.rural21.com/english/covid-19-dossier/detail/article/city-compost-in-india-from-waste-to-healthy-soil.html