1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Society for Community Development in Cambodia (SOFDEC) - 柬埔寨

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Local Agricultural Research and Extension Centre (LAREC) - 柬埔寨

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

In sandy areas, old rice bags are filled with sand and piled up as dikes bordering irrigation channels, and Pandanus plants are used to stabilize them on the long term.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The paddy fields are surrounded by dikes and fed by local temporary streams and irrigation channels, as well as by rain. In sandy soils the dikes around the irrigation channels and fields cannot hold the water due to erosion. Old rice bags are filled with sand and piled up to form stable dikes on the short term, and Pandanus suckers are planted every 0.5 – 1 m to ensure a stability on the long term due to the root system.

The purpose of the dikes, stabilized for short and long term, is to ensure the flow of water to the paddy fields by reducing the riverbank erosion. It also helps to keep the water in the paddy fields. The Pandanus can be used to make mats and baskets, although this use diminishes due to the low cost of plastic. After a few years, the Pandanus on the dike is tall and spiky enough to fence off cattle and protect the rice from grazing.

To stabilize 50 m of dike, around 100 old rice bags are filled with sand and piled up on a height of 2 bags. Pandanus suckers are planted on the water side, between the bags, and sand is used to cover the plants and bags. Poles and sticks are used to stabilize the bags and plants until the root system is established. This is done in the beginning of the rainy season to ensure the growth of the sucker. In the first year, after each rain the eroded sand has to be added back to the dike. After the establishment phase, from the second year on, the Pandanus have to be cut back as they grow quickly and can grow tall.

The analysed area is flat (slope < 2%), with a tropical climate (dry season from November to May and wet season from June to October), and the soils are mostly sandy or loamy. The soil has a low fertility, contains little organic matter, and acidifies. The area has been deforested a long time ago, and the groundwater table is rather high (1-2 m during the dry season, on the surface during wet season).
Due to climate change, farmers notice more erratic rainfall, temperature rises and more recurrent droughts. Rice is the predominant crop grown in the area, since it serves as staple food (mix subsistence and commercial activities). Cattle are usually grazing on the fields after the harvest, without much control. Thus the cattle grazes too often and too much on the same spot, leading to degradation.
The increasing migration rate (the young generation leaves the villages to work in the cities, garment industry or abroad) results in a decrease of available labour force in the area which has detrimental effects on the agricultural activities. Furthermore, the civil war in the 1970s (Khmer Rouge) led to the loss of agricultural knowledge. Several NGOs are trying to re-establish the knowledge.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

The use of Pandanus plants to stabilise the irrigation channels and dikes is a traditional setting in the area. The use of rice bag is a newer setting.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): low soil fertility, overgrazing, lack of irrigation
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): lack of irrigation, low soil fertility
Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）
• 引水和排水
• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Lack of organic matter), labour availability (Factory work in garment industry)
Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (mainly annuals are planted in monocultures (rice)), overgrazing (free ranging of cattle)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Riels

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

4000.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Fill the old rice bags with sand, pile them up, stabilize with sticks and add more sand after each rain, till the root system of the Pandanus plants have established (1 year)	Beginning of wet season (Jun/Jul)
2.	Plant the Pandanus suckers between the bags	beginning of wet season (June/July)

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
肥料和杀菌剂	Construction of biodigester		1.0	400.0	400.0	50.0
技术建立所需总成本					400.0
技术建立总成本，美元					0.1

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Maintain the dikes	every rainy season
2.	Cut back the Pandanus plants	Once a year, before planting rice

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labour		1.0	121.5	121.5	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					121.5
技术维护总成本，美元					0.03

注释:

Machinery/ tools: showel, knife, Shovel, knife
The costs were calculated in 2014 for 50 m of dike (50 m = 1 unit). To protect an irrigation channel of a 50 m, 100 m of dike would be needed, as the dikes would be on both sides.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The labour is the most costly part in this technology. Through the use of old rice bags filled with sand the costs are already reduced.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

during wet seasons

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
Off-farm income specification: handicraft, remittances and factory work

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

注释:

land users have a title which is not recognized by the state

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	未知
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	未知

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Difficult question for farmers.

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
The farmers guessed that around 10 % of the land users use this technology in the area. There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
The sandbags reduce the labour, thus are used more and more even though they cost.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The Pandanus leaves are used for baskets and mats.
The water is stored in the rice fields. Without stabilisation, the berms would not hold any water at all in sandy conditions.
Cattle is fenced off the rice fields through tall and thick (old) Pandanus plants growing on the dikes.
The irrigation channels are not eroded, water keeps flowing

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The Pandanus grow too quickly and too tall, and require workload which is not available.	Select slow growing species or individuals.
Rodents use the Pandanus as niches.	Protect natural predators (snakes), or hunt/trap the rodents.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
the plastic from the rice bags disintegrates with time and causes river pollution.	Use organic material (e.g. rice bags) to stabilize the dike for the first year.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

NBP National Biodigester Program

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

www.nbp.org.kh

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Lam et al. 2009. Domestic Biogas Compact Course. University of Oldenburg.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.nbp.org.kh/publication/study_report/2_domestic_biogas%20.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Gurung. 2009. Review of Literature on Effects of Slurry Use on Crop production. The Biogas Support Program