1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

Agroforestry is the best technology/practice to sustainably manage the land. It has multiple economic, environmental and social benefits.

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Multistorey agroforestry is the intentional mixing of trees/shrubs with crops, pastures, and livestock. The practice creates environmental, economic, and social benefits for the end users.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Multistorey agroforestry is the intentional mixing of trees/shrubs with crops and pasture at different levels ("storeys" or heights) and the livestock. The practice creates environmental, economic, and social benefits for the end users. Agroforestry practices provide opportunities to integrate productivity and profitability with environmental stewardship resulting in healthy and sustainable agricultural systems that can be passed on to future generations. Tree litter increases soil organic matter and reduces soil chemical and biological degradation. Tree cover can reduce soil erosion and evaporation from the soil surface. The technology is applied close to the homestead as it demands close follow-up and steady management practices, and that is where tree-crop-livestock integration can be best applied. The farmer whose practice is described here used to be very poor four decades ago. He has planted coffee gradually over the years under shade trees. As a staple perennial food crop, enset was planted also in the mixture. Livestock were also integrated. Eventually, numerous multipurpose tree species, food and fodder crops, and physical structures with productive barriers were integrated into the farming system. As a consequence, a multistorey agroforestry system has been established over years.
The purpose of the technology is to ensure ecological, economic, and social benefits. The rolling landscape of the area necessitates permanent ground cover to reduce the effect of erosive rainfall that degrades the soil. Once established, the technology needs management practices including pruning/stumping of coffee trees, managing other trees, weed control, enrichment planting with coffee and enset, and fertilization of annual and perennial crops. The livelihood of the respondent farmer has been completely changed. He has made a significant accumulation of wealth from producing and sale of tons of unprocessed coffee, avocado fruits and some indigenous bananas. This form of agroforestry creates year-round employment opportunities for proactive farmers. However, subsistence farmers with small parcels give priority entirely to the mono-cropping of cereals and other fast-maturing crops to meet their urgent demand for food. Shortage of land, capital, and a general lack of awareness about the sustainable benefits of the technology are reasons for lack of adoption of the technology.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1980

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

The farmer started to implement the technology by himself but gradually managed to access support and inputs such as coffee and tree seedling, training, and visits from the agriculture and coffee development office through the extension workers. Farm visit and mentoring services from the district experts were also commendable to inspire the farmer. The visit to the farm by researchers, local development and other actors add knowledge and motivation to the farmer.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

注释:

Adjacent small plots of land are used to grow maize to complement Enset/false banana - a staple crop for the household. Also, beans and vegetables such as local kale are integrated into the farming system.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

注释:

Four decades back or before the conversion of the land into the agroforestry, it was partly wetland and the grazing land used by free roaming animals.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Agriculture is entirely rainfed that rely on bimodal rainfall intercepted twice a year.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 农畜综合管理
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Diverse SLM practices are integrated over the farmland.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

The bare land that was subjected to soil erosion is arrested and reversed. Frequent cultivation, a threat to degradation has been entirely changed. Diverse types of degradation to the farmland have been mitigated.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Agroforestry practice helps to conserve soil and water as a barrier and via covering the ground. Tree species also serve as wind break to reduce wind velocity and wind erosion. Integrating tree species with grasses/forage not only reduces soil and water loss but also supply feed to the livestock. It also maintain soil organic matter and improve physical properties, fix nitrogen and promote efficient nutrient cycling. Furthermore, the twigs and leaves serve as mulch, green manure, etc. Integration of diverse trees/shrubs also break the impermeable layer and facilitate nutrient cycling from deep layer in certain soils, and reduce the development of soil acidity.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Ethiopian Birr

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

53.12

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Land preparation	Before and during Belg (short rain) and Meher (long rain) season.
2.	Enset and Coffee planting	In Belg and Meher season, respectively.
3.	Planting beans (annual crops)	In Belg season
4.	Fodder and other Multipurpose trees planting	In Meher (main rainy season).

注释:

Farmer start small and keep on enriching and managing the farm with inputs and technology components. This is for a single year but two seasons with short and long rain. Actually, perennial crops such as coffee and enset are not planted every year.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Land preparation	Oxen plow	16.0	200.0	3200.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting annual crops	Oxen plow	4.0	200.0	800.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting perennial crops	PDs	20.0	70.0	1400.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting fodder crops and trees	PDs	5.0	70.0	350.0	100.0
设备	Spade	Number	1.0	400.0	400.0	100.0
设备	Hoe	Number	1.0	600.0	600.0	100.0
设备	Digging fork	Number	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
植物材料	Coffee seedling	number	2500.0	10.0	25000.0	100.0
植物材料	Enset seedling	number	6000.0	5.0	30000.0	100.0
植物材料	Tree seedling	number	1500.0	2.0	3000.0	50.0
植物材料	Beans seed	kg	50.0	42.0	2100.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	NSP fertilizer	kg	100.0	44.0	4400.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea fertilizer	kg	50.0	44.0	2200.0
技术建立所需总成本					73950.0
技术建立总成本，美元					1392.13

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

In the past, coffee seedling was freely supplied to the farmer by the Ministry of Agriculture. The trend has changed recently. Apart from some tree seedlings that are freely supplied through government nurseries, virtually all costs for the establishment of Agroforestry are covered by the farmer themselves.

注释:

Commodity price in Ethiopia is frequently changing because of inflation and economic crisis. Therefore, it is impossible to confidently estimate the price of inputs, farm tools, and labor costs.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Inputs	Before the onset of short/long rain.
2.	Management	Throughout the year depending on the management types.
3.	Farm tools	During off-season.

注释:

A farmer estimate maintenance costs of about 40,000 ETB per hectare of land. However, my calculation in the following section reduces it a bit lower by excluding the cost of plant protection, and by boosting the contribution of family labor in the household. Apart for the general calculation, as the average land holding in Sidama region is less than 0.25 ha, a farmer may not go for adopting the technology on 1 ha.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Enrichment/replacement planting	PDs	5.0	70.0	350.0	100.0
劳动力	Fertilization	PDs	40.0	70.0	2800.0	100.0
劳动力	Weeding	PDs	40.0	70.0	2800.0	100.0
设备	Hoes	number	4.0	600.0	2400.0	100.0
设备	Digging fork	number	4.0	500.0	2000.0	100.0
设备	Spade	number	4.0	400.0	1600.0	100.0
植物材料	Coffee seedling for replacement	number	250.0	10.0	2500.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	NSP	kg	100.0	44.0	4400.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea	kg	50.0	44.0	2200.0
技术维护所需总成本					21050.0
技术维护总成本，美元					396.27

注释:

Frequently changing prices of inputs, labor, and farm tools disable someone to give an estimate for the establishment and maintenance costs in the future. Essentially, maintenance cost demands lower investment than the establishment cost. Unlike in the past years, agroforestry doesn't start from scratch but can be built up on the existing initiative. Therefore, it would be rather an intensification of agroforestry than just establishing.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Economic crisis and the prevailing inflation in the country, and global changes in price of petroleum and other commodities such as chemical fertilizers.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The topography feature is changing from moderate to bit slopy. However, the steepness of the farmland is not more than 15%.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Not available.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Surface water is available year-round with fluctuation of the volume with the season. Besides, pollution is high during the rainy season because of soil erosion from the upstream.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The applied technology/practices comprise diverse species of tree crops. It can be characterized as a practice highly rich in agrobiodiversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

He is also engaged in fuel wood business. Of course, the business does not focus on indigenous tree species but the most commonly marketable trees for construction and fuel wood in Ethiopia i.e. eucalyptus species.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

具体说明:

Land use right is issued by the state. Of course, the land is inherited in the parent line. He also accessed more parcel during land redistribution of the Derg regime. As a rule, the land belongs to the state but the user has usufructs.

注释:

Farmers are certified based on the usufructs right issued by the government via the land administration policy enshrined in the country's constitution.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

Tap water is accessible some distance away. The deep well the farmer has is not clean for drinking by the household but for cattle and cleaning goods and clothes.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The practices ameliorate the prevailing adverse climatic conditions and land degradation.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Agroforestry has beneficial ecological and economic functions.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	非常好
季节性温度	旱季	增加	非常好
年降雨量		减少	好
季雨量	湿季/雨季	减少	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

About 30% of resident farmers have adopted the technology. The prevailing farming system necessitate change in the approach, and outshined farmers motivated the others to follow suit.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 11-50%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 不断变化的市场

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Raising coffee prices motivated farmers to refocus on the crop which years back discouraged to shift of the coffee farm to eucalyptus plantation.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increase production per unit of land and improve livelihoods of family farmers.
Reduce land/soil degradation because of permanent soil cover.
Ensure sustainable production, reduce risks and improve the biodiversity. Also, increase the family farmers income and their status in the society. It enables them to feel as valuable elite in the community.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Agroforestry improves total production earned from a farmland and improve the wellbeing of the adopted farmers. Implies, it has substantial economic benefits.
It reduces soil erosion and land degradation. Also has immense ecological benefits and improves the microclimate of the surrounding.
It reduces risks of crop failure owing to climate variability. Also, boost the biodiversity of trees, crops, and habitat diversity that host various living creature in the biosphere as well pedosphere. This is related to carbon sequestration, emission reduction, proper ecosystem function, and overall ecological contribution.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Demand intensive management, and there is shortage of labor.	Identify and established trees and crops that requires minimum labor for planting, maintenance & propagation.
Incompatible tree species to the essence of proper integration in Agroforestry.	Select and adopt trees and crops with desirable characteristics to be integrated in the technology and responsive to management practices.
Inconsistent product prices for the farm products such as coffee beans and avocado fruits on the local market.	Link farmers to free and fair market which is consistent and sustainable.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Failure to select tree species with desirable characteristics	Trees/shrubs with the following desirable characteristics need to be considered: - Deep root system to draw water & nutrients. - Easy to propagate, & high biomass producers, palatable, provide more green manure, & high survival percentage. - Adaptable to close spacing like in hedgerows. - Good sprouting & positive response to pruning. - High coppicing and pollarding capacity.
Highly dense in some areas and slightly sparse in some part of the farm.	Try to maintain the spacing and distribution of suitable species composition.
Trees and shrubs less used as livestock feed except during the shortage period	Promote feeding the diverse fodder trees to the livestock to ensure their access and benefited from trees/shrubs as well than rely only on grass family.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

World Agroforestry Centre. 2008. Annual Report 2007-2008: Agroforestry for food security and healthy ecosystems. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). ISSN 1995-6851

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

www.worldagroforestry.org

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Agroforestry System for Ecological Restoration: How to reconcile conservation and production options for Brazil's Cerrado and Caatinga Biomes. Miccolis, Peneiveirok Marques et al. 2016. ISBN: 978-85-63288-18-9

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/B19034.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Indigenous Agroforestry Practices and their Implications on Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resources Management: The Case of Wonago Woreda. Sustainable Land Use Forum (SURF), 2006. Research Report No 1, Addis Ababa

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

www. devinet.org/sluf

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

The Center for Subtropical Agroforestry (CSTAF)

URL:

http://www. cstaf.ifas.ufl.edu/

标题/说明:

World Agroforestry (ICRAF)

URL:

https://www.worldagroforestry.org; https://www.cgiar.org/research/center/world-agroforestry-centre/

7.4 一般注释

The questionnaire is comprehensive and give the opportunity to add additional techniques/approaches via the "other" options. However, it is demanding as it requires for videography and sketching skills for every technology.