1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

Intercropping is friendly to the farm. It also increases the "land equivalent ratio" of a plot of land. However, farmers note that surface compaction can be a problem under relay intercropping - because of the frequent field operations required for each of the crops at different times.

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Intercropping is the growing of two or more crops on the same piece of land at the same time or in temporal sequence. Relay intercropping usually involves planting a legume into an established cereal crop. This farming practice has multiple benefits and is a popular among smallholders in Wolaita zone of SNNPR.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Intercropping systems in Sodo Zuria of Waraza-Lasho kebele are characterized by relay intercropping. Under relay intercropping a second crop is planted alongside a growing crop, typically when it has reached its reproductive stage of growth. The practice enables efficient use of available space. In this kebele (lower administrative unit), field peas and haricot beans are commonly intercropped within maize. The seeds of these legumes are either sown in no particular pattern, or simply broadcast, under the main crop, maize. They are planted when the maize comes close to physiological maturity. Intercropping of cereals with legumes improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation: this system extracts fewer nutrients from the soil than do monocrops. The practice also avoid risks of crop failure, improves effective use of available land, generates additional income and ensures food and nutrition security of the family farmers. Making the right choices about crops and timing of relay planting is crucial. Furthermore, good intercropping demands improved varieties of cereals and legumes. Adequate and timely labour is required also. Conventionally, the farmers till the land up to five times before planting the main crop. In relay intercropping further more land cultivation is essential to plant the companion crop.
Various researchers have reported considerably higher yields from intercropping compared with a pure stand. This can be measured through the “land equivalent ratio” which describes the relative land area required under sole cropping to produce the same yield as under intercropping. Intercropping has been regarded by many farmers as a technique that reduces risk in crop production. It improves carbon sequestration since it enhances biomass accumulation both above and below the surface of the soil. Intercropping is also a form of climate change adaptation strategy as it spreads risks and allows opportunistic use of extra moisture. However, relay intercropping can subject the land to compaction because the companion crops demand extra field operations. These include harvesting the main crops, or sometimes stripping the leaves to reduce the shading effects for the low growing companion crops. There is also extra labour required for weeding and harvesting of the intercrop.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）
• 通过项目/外部干预

• through agricultural extension system

注释（项目类型等）:

Intercropping is a common practices since over 5 decades but the distribution limited to a few farmers. The agroecology project/ISFM+ intervention stimulated its pervasive implementation.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 保护生态系统
• 降低灾害风险
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）
• 农畜综合管理
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Ethiopia Birr (ETB)

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

53.6283

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

We consider documentation of maintenance costs only to put in place the companion crops.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

As we opt to focus on the maintenance cost of the relay intercropping, establishment cost is intentionally skipped.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Land preparation	Before and during planting of companion crop.
2.	Planting	During the long rain for associated crop.
3.	Weeding	Three weeks after emergency of companion crops seedling onwards.
4.	Harvesting	At the end of harvest season.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Land preparation	PDs	8.0	400.0	3200.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting	PDs	4.0	400.0	1600.0	100.0
劳动力	Weeding	PDs	8.0	100.0	800.0	100.0
劳动力	Harvesting	PDs	8.0	100.0	800.0	100.0
植物材料	Haricot beans/field peas seeds	kg	40.0	60.0	2400.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	NSP fertilizer	kg	50.0	45.0	2250.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					11050.0
技术维护总成本，美元					206.05

注释:

Almost all labor cost, seed and other inputs are covered by land users for maintaining the technology.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Usually, the cost is influenced by the economic crisis and high inflation rate experienced in the last few years in Ethiopia. It is also related to global fuel and fertilizer prices as well as other crises which are the potential causes.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The altitude of the place is 1,940 m above sea level.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The SLM experts describe the soil texture as clay loam.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The farmer piloted conservation agriculture practices. Also, the land users plant woodlots around the periphery of his farmland.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

The land is inherited from the family line but aligned with the constitution adopted by the government that guaranty usufructs to the land.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

There is a high unemployment rate. Of course, the area is highly populated. As the site is located closer to the zonal capital they have good financial services particularly access to Bank services such as for saving.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Maintenance cost for intercropping limited largely to labor and agricultural inputs such as seed and fertilizers.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

About 6% of land users adopted the technology on their own motivation.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improve family farmers diet from the perspective of food and nutrition security.
Generate income from the sale of companion legume crops.
Improve soil fertility and management of the land

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Improve effective resource utilization such as land, labor, and inputs.
Insure against total crop failure under unfavorable weather conditions, and pest outbreaks.
Improve and maintain soil fertility as the combination is mostly cereal with legumes.
Increase total biomass and crop production per unit of land.
Pest levels are often lowered in intercrops, as the diversity of plants hampers the movement of certain pest insects and in some cases encourages beneficial insect populations.
Reduce soil erosion, lower soil surface evaporation & reduce weed infestation.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Demand more labor.	Overlay planting season, and promote row intercropping to simplify the management practices.
Relay intercropping triggers soil compaction,	Promote row intercropping for effective utilization of space and reduction of soil compaction.
Shortage of best fitting varieties of legume crops for relay intercropping.	Facilitate and improve land users access to suitable companion crops from the nearby research institutes.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
It is time-consuming as it requires more attention and thus increases intensive management.	Promote row intercropping and overlay planting season to avoid giving separate management practices.
There is reduced efficiency in planting, weeding and harvesting which may add to the labor costs of these operations, especially if the practice is at a larger scale.	Plant the main and companion crops simultaneously and apply optimum management practices.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Guidelines for Intercropping. Mohler, C. L. and Stoner, K. A. 2009.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

EBook for $24 (https://www.sare.org/publications/crop-rotation-on-organic-farms/guidelines-for-intercropping/)

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Raza, M.A. et al. 2019. Growth and development of soybean under changing light environments in relay intercropping system. DOI: 10.7717/Peerji.7262.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Free online from Research gate

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Intercropping: What it is, what it isn't and why we do it.

URL:

https://www.permaculturenews.or/2016/08/12

标题/说明:

Intercropping Agriculture System

URL:

https://fscluster.org/gaziantep

标题/说明:

Intercropping: Ergonomic and Efficient Farming

URL:

https://eos.com/blog/intercropping/

7.4 一般注释

Specifications under 3.6 such as tillage system, and reside management are not well aligned with the pdf version. So, it is difficult to make choices.