1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

ISFM offers reduced degradation, or even avoided degradation of soils compared to the locally most used alternative maize growing systems, traditional low-input maize production and high input maize production with only mineral N fertilizer. As demonstrated in four long-term trials, both of these systems usually come at the cost of soil fertility loss.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Integrated soil fertility management constitutes a group of management practices aimed at increasing soil fertility and crop productivity with the local context in mind. These practices integrate the use of organic inputs, fertilizers, and better quality seeds with all inputs managed following good farming practices.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) is applied in arable cropping systems. In this example it was rigorously tested in maize cropping systems in Kenya. The main features of ISFM are the integration of organic inputs to increase or maintain soil fertility and provide a background of nutrient release, with mineral fertilizers to meet peak plant demand together with high quality seeds that can utilize the inputs well. The main objectives are to increase crop yield while maintaining or improving soil fertility. This is important because four long-term trials in Kenya have shown that long-term maize yields decline in both low-input systems and systems with high mineral N inputs but without organic inputs. In contrast, systems with farmyard manure application maintained yields over two decades and maintained significantly higher soil fertility. It has also been shown that the input of organic resources with a low C:N ratio, such as farmyard manure, is more effective in maintaining yields and soil fertility than mineral fertilizer inputs. Thus, the main inputs are organic resources with a low C:N ratio (ideally farmyard manure, but green manures such as Tithonia sp. or Calliandra sp. can also be used), while mineral fertilizers and high quality seeds are also needed. A major activity is the incorporation of organic resources before planting, which requires additional labour. ISFM offers significantly higher yields, and yield maintenance over time, while maintaining or increasing soil fertility. However, it is important to note that the advantage of ISFM over mineral fertilizer use becomes apparent only in the long term (e.g., after 5 to 10 years of continuous cropping). This is because mineral fertilizer inputs may initially mask the loss of soil fertility. This long-term perspective has to be kept in mind when considering the main perceived disadvantage of ISFM - that is the need for manure input and labour for its incorporation, which does not immediately result in higher yields compared to mineral fertilizer application alone.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

肯尼亚

区域/州/省:

Embu County; Siaya County; Busia County

有关地点的进一步说明:

Embu city; Mavuria; close to Siaya; close to Busia

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

技术现场是否位于永久保护区？:

否

注释:

The locations display the position of the long-term trials in which ISFM was tested

Map

×

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2002

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

农田

• 一年一作

年作 - 具体指明作物:

• 谷物类 - 玉米
• 谷类 - 小米
• 谷类 - 高粱

年作制度:

连作玉米/高粱/谷子

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

采用间作制度了吗？:

否

采用轮作制度了吗？:

否

其它

具体说明:

Mixed crop-livestock farms

注释:

Manure can come from animals that are grazed or from animals kept in a zero-grazing system.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农畜综合管理
• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

• A2：有机质/土壤肥力
• A5：种子管理，改良品种
• A6：残株管理

A6：对残株管理作出具体说明:

A 6.2：放牧

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

化学性土壤退化

• Cn：肥力下降和有机质含量下降（非侵蚀所致）

生物性退化

• Bl：土壤寿命损失

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Organic resources are distributed equally across the field and then incorporated (usually by hand hoe). Full ISFM integrates this with improved maize varieties and small doses of mineral fertilizer.

作者:

Moritz Laub

日期:

07/05/2024

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

KSH

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

135.0

4.3 技术建立活动

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

One or two days of workshop costs. Cost of exchanges with extension agents (mainly time)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Prices of May 2024. The cost of manure is highly variable locally (estimated to be around 2000 KSH per t dry matter in western and up to 9000 KSH per t dry matter in central Kenya; we used the mean value of these). In mixed crop-livestock systems, the manure may be sourced from the own farm, in which case the cost of ISFM may be reduced tremendously.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Local labor prices. Local availability of livestock. Local fertilizer and seed prices.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Detailed descriptions can be found here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429022003598
and here: https://soil.copernicus.org/articles/9/301/2023/

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

气候灾害

注释:

In areas with abundant rainfall (1500 mm per year and more, as in western Kenya) the maize under ISFM did not struggle under increased temperatures. In areas with only 1200 mm (such as in central Kenya) and lower rainfall, the maize suffered severely in drier seasons, even under ISFM.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

Estimated to be around 20-25% both in Western and central Kenya. Currently increased uptake, mainly due to surges in mineral fertilizer prices.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

注释:

There are no government incentives to apply organic resources to the soil.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The trials have been redesigned for intercropping with the MBILI system - results are expected in 2027/8. (Details on MBILI: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429009002809)

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Laub, M., Corbeels, M., Mathu Ndungu, S., Mucheru-Muna, M.W., Mugendi, D., Necpalova, M., Van de Broek, M., Waswa, W., Vanlauwe, B., Six, J., 2023. Combining manure with mineral N fertilizer maintains maize yields: Evidence from four long-term experiments in Kenya. Field Crops Research 291, 108788.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

For free at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108788

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Laub, M., Corbeels, M., Couëdel, A., Ndungu, S.M., Mucheru-Muna, M.W., Mugendi, D., Necpalova, M., Waswa, W., Van de Broek, M., Vanlauwe, B., Six, J., 2023. Managing soil organic carbon in tropical agroecosystems: evidence from four long-term experiments in Kenya. SOIL 9, 301–323.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

For free at: https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-301-2023

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Mucheru-Muna, M., Pypers, P., Mugendi, D., Kung’u, J., Mugwe, J., Merckx, R., Vanlauwe, B., 2010. A staggered maize–legume intercrop arrangement robustly increases crop yields and economic returns in the highlands of Central Kenya. Field Crops Research 115, 132–139.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.013

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Article on yield development in ISFM

URL:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108788

标题/说明:

Article on soil organic matter development in ISFM

URL:

https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-301-2023

7.4 一般注释

Very detailed inputs required. Filled out to the best of my knowledge.
Only qualitative reports about economics at farm level were available. Measurements will be conducted in an upcoming project