1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The Montado/ Dehesa Agroforestry system contributes to carbon sequestration in Spain and Portugal. The SmartAG app helps in monitoring and management of these systems, providing data available to farmers, producers, and stakeholders.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The SmartAG model is mainly applied in the Montado (Portugal) and Dehesa (Spain) agroforestry systems which serve as a biodiversity oasis in the
Mediterranean region. They are currently being heavily impacted by climate change.
It contributes to achieving carbon sequestration potential. The SmartAG model is also applied in agriculture systems in Portugal, Spain, Greece, The Netherlands, Indonesia and Ukraine. Nevertheless, it can be applied in any part of the world. The SmartAG app provides accurate Agricultural Climate Services on a large-scale, available to farmers, producers, and stakeholders. The model analyzes agronomic anomalies to reduce CO2 emissions and promote CO2 sequestration in the soil, via remote sensing. Additionally, it seeks to remotely analyze farms by evaluating the spatiotemporal dynamics occurring in agroforestry activities for the same purposes.
Through data collection on land use, mapping, remote sensing and in situ data collection, an assessment of the initial state of the farm is carried out, along a carbon balance, to establish a reference scenario (baseline year). Future projections are made, and recommendations formulated.
Users appreciate this methodology because it helps them conserve or increase current carbon stocks, potentially creating a new source of income through the sale
of carbon credits. SmartAG is a highly user-friendly app which records georeferenced evidence of existing conditions and activities. It facilitates a transparent and participatory process in agroforestry ecosystem management.
SmartAG automatically processes data from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data, and LST data for thermo-climatic zoning. These data: i) allow monitoring, reporting and verification of farms; ii) provide machine learning capabilities in agroforestry and environmental data.
Based on Sentinel data, spectral vegetation indices are calculated to identify: i) crop anomalies related to soil-water-plant; ii) management zones to define different land uses, the selection of sampling locations and sensor installation sites, water sampling locations, and identification of species for biodiversity quantification.
The Montado/Dehesa is a slow-developing and very complex agroforestry system meaning that differences will be observable only at the end of a year or longer. In addition, it is a highly stratified system, consisting of a complex arboreal structure with trees of different ages, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation. Given the limitations of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites it is essential to record georeferenced evidence of these. Using SmartAG app developed by AgroInsider allows the collection of georeferenced evidence (e.g., photos, audios, and videos) of
the vegetation structures, as well as documenting evidence of processes occurring such as ecosystem services and biodiversity. Georeferenced evidence is automatically uploaded into the system.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

葡萄牙

区域/州/省:

Alentejo

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果技术均匀分布在一个区域，则指定覆盖的区域（单位为平方千米）:

100000.0

技术现场是否位于永久保护区？:

是

如果是，请具体说明:

Montado and Dehesa constitute a Very High Nature Value agroforestry system which is under protection.

Map

×

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2023

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

In 2023 AgroInsider started the implementation of the LMT and SmartAG monitoring in Agroforestry system case studies in Montado, in Portugal, and Dehesa, in Spain.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 减缓气候变化及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林牧业

牧场

粗放式放牧:

• 经营牧场
• 季节性迁移的放牧主义

集约放牧/饲料生产:

• 改良牧场

动物类型:

• 牛 - 非奶牛牛肉
• 家禽
• 绵羊

是否实行作物与牲畜的综合管理？:

否

产品和服务:

• 肉类
• 奶类
• 毛料

品种:

绵羊

计数:

40

品种:

cattle - dairy and beef (e.g. zebu)

计数:

40

森林/林地

• （半天然）天然森林/林地

（半天然）天然森林/林地：具体说明管理类型:

• 清除枯木/剪枝

• Mediterranean Agroforestry System (Montado/Dehesa)

• cork holm, cork oak

以上的树木是落叶树还是常绿树？:

• 常绿

产品和服务:

• 水果和坚果
• 自然保持/保护

• cork

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

• V1：乔木和灌木覆盖层
• V2：草和多年生草本植物

管理措施

• M1：改变土地使用类型
• M2：改变管理/强度级别

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

化学性土壤退化

• Cn：肥力下降和有机质含量下降（非侵蚀所致）
• Ca：酸化

物理性土壤退化

• Pc：压实

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

The LMT will be implemented on a farm with montado/dehesa (minimum area of 100 ha). Satellite data is used to characterize land use. After identifying the montado/dehesa area, field sampling is conducted. These data, along with satellite imagery, will be used to calculate the total CO2eq stock (above and below ground biomass) and estimate CO2eq sequestration. Farmers are encouraged to enhance LMT effectiveness, notably by engaging in ecosystem-value activities such as avoiding soil disturbance to preserve soil organic matter, increasing tree density, and maintaining water mirrors. Farmers will record georeferenced evidence of improvement activities and existing biodiversity in the montado and in other areas of the farm using the SmartAG developed by AgroInsider. This app will allow to monitor, report and verify carbon stocks through weekly alert reports, enabling the identification of carbon anomalies/losses over time and space.

作者:

Patrícia Lourenço

日期:

23/04/2024

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Euro (€)

4.3 技术建立活动

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The costs are covered by AgroInsider

注释:

This value varies depending on the distance from AgroInsider's headquarters to the farm, the farm's area, and carbon-emitting farm activities (i.e., agricultural activities).

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Human resources, farm area, and the quantity of carbon-emitting farm activities (i.e., agricultural activities).

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The Agroforestry system Montado, in Portugal, and Dehesa, in Spain, is a High Nature Value system characterized by a high complexity because of the interactions between climate, soil, pasture (natural pastures, fertilized natural pastures, and sown biodiverse permanent pastures rich in legumes), trees (e.g., pure or mix stands of cork oak, holm oak, stone pine), and animals (e.g., sheep, pigs, cows, goats). Montado/Dehesa is one of the most prominent and best preserved low-intensity farming systems in Europe. The integration of traditional land-use and biodiversity conservation that is characteristic of this system is an exemplar for the wise management of the countryside.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

None

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Pinto-Correia, T., & Mira Potes, J. (2013). Livro verde dos montados.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/10116/1/Livro%20Verde%20dos%20Montados_Versao%20online%20%202013.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Lourenço, Patrícia, & Silva, José Rafael Marques (2023). How our portfolio of land-use practices might be adopted at scale in Portugal

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f7b27859c352b2444f4cbd9/t/64a5440ac47212047978bc68/1688552460748/Portugal.pdf