1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Strengthening national-level institutional and professional capacities of country Parties towards enhanced UNCCD monitoring and reporting – GEF 7 EA Umbrella II (GEF 7 UNCCD Enabling Activities_Umbrella II)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric (National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric) - 不丹

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

As per the responses, the use of a dummy tiger in guarding crops do not seem to have having direct role in mitigating land degradation. However, it can be claimed as a part of SLM technologies because it protects the crops from wild animals. Standing crops in the field is important to prevent erosion (both soil and water), add nitrogen to the soil (e.g., by leguminous crops), and for nutrient cycling. Also, the use of toy tiger prevents the land user from resorting to fatal methods of crop guarding that necessitates the killing of wildlife.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Dummy tigers are used to scare off crop predators. This can be considered a SLM technology because it protects the crops from wild animals which in turn prevents erosion (both soil and water), adds nitrogen to the soil (i.e., by leguminous crops), and helps in nutrient cycling. Furthermore, time is freed up for the farmer to carry out other SLM activities.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In the region of Drochukha, Bhutan, the foremost challenge faced by rural communities is crops damage by wildlife. Land users in this area contend with damage inflicted by a variety of wild animals, including wild boar, barking deer, sambar deer, monkeys, porcupines, bears, and rats. To mitigate crop damage by wildlife, the land users of Drochukha have implemented a unique solution by strategically placing dummy tigers to deter these animals and safeguard their crops.
In 2018, a woman from Drochukha initiated the idea of using dummy tigers to protect crops, and it proved to be highly successful. Following this, other residents also adopted the practice. Farmlands situated near the forest's periphery experience the most significant crop damage by wild animals. By placing dummy tigers near the forest's edge, the land users have not only reduced wildlife attacks in the peripheral regions but also significantly decreased such incidents in the central areas. To protect their crops from wild animals, they procured a dummy tiger at a cost of Nu. 3,380 (about USD 40) from Bajo town in Wangduephodrang Dzongkhag and another dummy tiger costing Nu. 2,000 (about USD 25) from the Indian market in Jaigaon. The land users constructed a raised wooden platform by placing four wooden poles in the ground and adding planks over them to support the dummy tigers, ensuring that they faced the forest.
The implementation of dummy tigers (two) has yielded numerous benefits for 21 households in the region. With the adoption of this innovative approach, Drochukha farmers have been able to increase their crop production and rejuvenate previously unused lands. Dummy tigers effectively safeguard standing crops and prevent wildlife depredation. Maintaining standing crops in the fields is essential to prevent erosion, both of soil and water, while also contributing nitrogen to the soil through the cultivation of leguminous crops and facilitating nutrient cycling. An important aspect of employing dummy tigers is that it prevents land users from resorting to fatal methods of crop protection that may involve the killing of wildlife. Human-wildlife conflicts have thus been reduced. The primary current concern of the land users of Drochukha is the fading colour of the dummy tigers, and they are eager for improved interventions that may involve mobile and sound-producing tigers.
The Agriculture Machinery Centre (AMC) and the Dzongkhag Agriculture Office (DAO) have joined forces to create an IoT-based animal-repellent system. This system, positioned at the field's periphery, comprises three primary components: a speaker, a receptor card, and an amplifier. Once connected to an owner's smartphone, the system allows for the remote playback of various animal sounds. One system, consisting of a single receptor card, can be linked to up to five users. Additionally, two LED flashlights are integrated into the system to deter wild boars at night through powerful pulse flashes. The complete system comes at a cost of Nu. 30,000. Moreover, in their most recent endeavors, AMC and DAO are currently developing a robotic tiger capable of moving its head and limbs, enabling it to patrol the guardhouse and serve as a further deterrent to wildlife. The technology is being piloted as a project to evaluate its effectiveness in the field through trials.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2018

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

A lady named Dorji Lhamo of the community, originally from Mongar (Eastern Bhutan) has seen some tiger toys placed at the field peripheries to scare away the wild animals while making her visit to her native village. With much curiosity, she tried doing the same thing in Drochukha (Western Bhutan) where she currently lives. It worked, especially in scaring monkeys away.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 保护生态系统
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

The community has two irrigation sources, Khaow Lum benefiting 6 households, and Jaga Lum benefiting all 21 households.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• Human-wildlife conflict management

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

This SLM technology would fall under the structure category as it requires a simple structural wooden stand to place the tiger toys.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Based on the responses, it appears that the utilization of toy tiger decoys for crop protection may not be directly associated with mitigating land degradation. Nevertheless, it can be considered a component of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) technologies since it serves to safeguard crops from wildlife damage. Preserving standing crops in fields holds significance in preventing erosion, both in terms of soil and water. Furthermore, standing crops contribute to soil enrichment by introducing nitrogen (e.g., through leguminous crops) and facilitate nutrient cycling. Another crucial aspect is that the toy tigers effectively deter wildlife from preying on crops, and they also aid in repelling vertebrate pests from fields.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Based on the responses, it seems that the use of toy tigers may not directly address land degradation. However, it can be categorized as a component of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) technologies because it plays a role in protecting crops from wildlife damage. Maintaining standing crops in fields is essential for erosion prevention, both in terms of soil and water conservation. Additionally, it contributes to soil enrichment by introducing nitrogen, especially through the cultivation of leguminous crops, and supports nutrient cycling. Another significant aspect is that toy tigers effectively serve as a deterrent against wildlife crop depredation and help in repelling vertebrate pests from fields

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Nu.

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

80.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Procurement of tiger toys.	Before cropping season
2.	Construction of guard houses using any available materials to place the tiger toys.	Before cropping season
3.	Placing the tiger toys.	Cropping season

注释:

The need for repainting the faded colours and the lack of movement of the tiger toys are the shortcomings associated with this technology.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labor	man/day	1.0	800.0	800.0	100.0
其它	Tiger toy	No.	1.0	3380.0	3380.0	100.0
其它	Tiger toy	No.	1.0	2000.0	2000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					6180.0
技术建立总成本，美元					77.25

注释:

The current costing is being done based on the local market value of tiger toys. As per the respondents, the tiger toy of the required size cost Nu. 3380 from the local market (Wangdi Phodrang), whereas the same tiger cost Nu. 2000 from the Indian (Jaigoan) market.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

注释:

Since the adoption began in 2018, no maintenance, including the replacement of tiger toys, has been necessary. However, in the upcoming years, maintenance may become necessary due to the fading color of the tiger toys.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:

5346.0

注释:

Buying two new dummy tigers as replacements would cost approximately 66 USD (Nu. 5346) on the higher pricing end and around 50 USD (Nu. 4050) on the lower pricing end.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Moisture content-3.10%
Organic matter-7.08 %
Organic carbon-4.12%
pH-6.35
Electrical conductivity-181.33 µs/cm
Nitrogen-0.21
Phosphorus-0.21
Potassium-81.90 mg/100ml
Soil texture-Loamy sand

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

A landslide in the community was recorded in 1991, losing about one acre of land.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The greater vegetation coverage at the outskirts of the community indicates a higher level of habitat and species biodiversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The Drochukha community came into existence after their ancestors migrated to the current site from Gasa Dzongkhag some 50 years ago. Only 2 of 21 households are native.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

• Family land

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

The land use rights in Bhutan is based on a traditional legal system guided by formal land act and land rules and regulations.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	非常好
年降雨量		增加	非常好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	非常好
局地雷暴	非常好
局地雹灾	非常好
局地风暴	非常好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
极端冬季条件	非常好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	非常好
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The technology is cost effective and every individual can afford it easily.

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

Out of the 21 households, 10 have embraced the technology. The reason for this is primarily that the remaining 11 households have their lands situated in the central part of the community and do not share boundaries with the forests.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

The expenditures were borne by the farmers. No external funding was involved in buying tiger toys.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

Modern technology integration

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The Agriculture Machinery Centre (AMC) and the Dzongkhag Agriculture Office (DAO) have joined forces to create an IoT-based animal-repellent system. This system, positioned at the field's periphery, comprises three primary components: a speaker, a receptor card, and an amplifier. Once connected to a owner's smartphone, the system allows for the remote playback of various animal sounds. One system, consisting of a single receptor card, can be linked to up to five users. Additionally, two LED flashlights are integrated into the system to deter wild boars at night through powerful pulse flashes. The complete system comes at a cost of Nu. 30,000.

Moreover, in their most recent endeavors, AMC and DAO are currently developing a robotic tiger capable of moving its head and limbs, enabling it to patrol the guardhouse and serve as a further deterrent to wildlife. The technology is being piloted as a project to evaluate its effectiveness in the field through trials.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The crop production is enhanced.
Lethal methods for crop protection have been avoided.
Overall farm income is increased after the adoption of technology.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
No major threats to the external environment and user friendly technology.
Tiger toy protects the crops from wild animals. Standing crops in the field is important to prevent erosion (both soil and water), add nitrogen to the soil (e.g., by leguminous crops), and for nutrient cycling. The other important aspect is toy tiger prevents wildlife depredation.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The colour fading of tiger toys could be a problem in the future.	Repaint toy tigers.
Financial burden on the land users.	Implement a cost-sharing mechanism.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The wild animals especially the monkeys might get used to tiger toys.	A robotic tiger producing sounds in certain intervals would be the next best innovation, which is already under process.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Introduction – Jigme Dorji National Park

URL:

https://www.dofps.gov.bt/introduction-jigme-dorji-national-park/