1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Sustainable Rural Agricultural Development Programme (UTF/SAU/051/SAU) (SRAD Saudi Arabia)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Saudi Arabia (FAO KSA)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

This method allows sustainable plantations with a satisfactory level of success in hyper-arid zones (under 100 mm rainfall per year).

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Tree plantation pits are water harvesting structures which capture rainfall runoff for trees and shrubs. They receive supplementary water until seedlings are well established. Species planted are indigenous, and provide both shade and honey.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Plantation pits are water harvesting structures that capture rainfall runoff for planting trees and shrubs. They are given supplementary water until vegetation is established. The pits are dug within national parks managed by the National Centre for Vegetation Cover Development and Combating Desertification (NCVC), which is the leader in this technology.
Pits may be located within wadis and sheyhib (small wadis), ranging in plots from ten to several hundred metres in length, and on high plateaux. The pits are often dug close to terraces and cross-wadi walls where runoff water is captured in the soil. Each plantation pit is rectangular, measuring (approx) 2m long, 1m wide, and up to 1m deep (depending on the depth of the soil). Spacing is from 3 to 10 metres between pits. The pits are excavated with mechanical diggers.
Pits are dug a year before planting, and they collect both runoff and the rich organic and mineral matter carried in the runoff. After one year, many annual and even perennial plants colonise the bottom of the pits. The trees and shrubs that are planted the most are Vachellia (Acacia) spp., Ziziphus spp. and Haxloylon spp. One (or two) seedlings are planted in the middle of each pit, without disturbing the existing vegetation as far as possible. These species attract bees, and beekeeping has been promoted alongside tree planting. Ziziphus honey is particularly high in value and Vachellia (acacia) honey is also good.
This water and nutrient harvesting technique is effective even in hyper-arid conditions, where rainfall may be less than 100 mm yearly. However, some supplemental irrigation is needed, and each pit is watered - every 4 months over 3 years - with a volume of water ranging from 20 to 100 litres each time per pit, depending on availability. Water is found in wadi beds and brought to the site in a bowser mounted on a lorry. Watering helps the plants to survive, and as it penetrates, it draws the roots down until they reach the water table. This is when watering can be stopped.
Although the costs are high, the results are generally very satisfactory regarding the survival rate. The local impact is significant when there are large blocks of pits and/ or greater numbers of pits per hectare (where this is possible). Over the last five years, a million pits have been dug.
Abdulla Al Eissa, the park manager, formulated the technical design of the pits, and FAO through the project "Strengthening MoEWA's Capacity to implement its Sustainable Rural Agricultural Development (SRAD) Programme (2019-2025) UTF/SAU/051/SAU" has been responsible for technical advice on locating pits, spacing and layout timing of operations, fertilization and planting operations. The activities are part-funded by the NCVC, while local donors and volunteers contribute the remainder.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2019

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Pits are established under a project which sets out to develop vegetation to protect the environment in the National Parks and to support tourism in the region, partly financed by the NCVC (paying for workmen's salaries, etc. ) and local donors (trucks, machines) and volunteers planting.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

The Royal Botanical Garden Kew's Plants of the World website now uses the name Vachellia for the genus formerly known as Acacia.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Supplementary water sourced from wadi beds (3 deep wells with electrical pumps).

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理
• 集水
• 养蜂、养殖业、家禽业、养兔业、养蚕业等

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Identify the site	Dry season: Year 1
2.	Layout and mark the pits with stakes	Dry season: Year 1
3.	Dig the pits	Dry season: Year 1
4.	Produce the seedlings in a nursery	Dry season: Year 1
5.	Plant the seedlings	Rainy season: Year 2
6.	Water the seedlings (and replace dead ones)	Dry season: Years 2-4
7.	Check the pits during the first rain.	Rainy season: Years 2-4
8.	Check the pits after flooding	After flooding: Years 2-4

注释:

Based on a 4 year period - with trees seedlings planted 1 year after the pits are dug.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Workers for planting	Worker/day	5.0	50.0	250.0	90.0
劳动力	Workers for watering	Worker/day	18.0	33.0	594.0	90.0
设备	Excavator for digging pits (2 x 2 x 1 m) 100 pits /ha	Hour	25.0	93.0	2325.0	90.0
设备	Truck with bowser/ tank for watering (100 litres /pit / 9 times over 3 years)	Truck/ 5000 litres	18.0	47.0	846.0	90.0
植物材料	Tree Seedlings 200 /ha	Seedling	200.0	4.0	800.0
技术建立所需总成本					4815.0
技术建立总成本，美元					4815.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The costs are paid through the National Park: 90% from private donations/ volunteer work and 10% by the National Center for Vegetation Cover NCVC. Seedlings supplied by NCVC.

注释:

The costs are spread over 4 years, by hectare, for 100 pits, including digging, planting - and watering for 3 years.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Checking the pits after the first rain	Once, after the first rain.
2.	Checking the pits after floodings	After flooding.
3.	Replacing seedlings when needed (with extra watering if necessary).	During the wet season

注释:

Depending on the climate

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Workers for maintenance including repairs, weeding and planting replacement seedlings	Worker/day	10.0	50.0	500.0	100.0
植物材料	Tree seedlings	seedling	30.0	4.0	120.0
技术维护所需总成本					620.0
技术维护总成本，美元					620.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Local donors 100 % of workers costs and NCVC 100 % of the seedlings.

注释:

Depending on the type of soil, drought and flooding. Figures are an average per year for first few years. Extra watering may be necessary at an extra cost for the truck/ bowser (not costed here).

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Type of soil, drought and flooding.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

This technology is specific to the Thuwayq wadis and plateaus

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Rocky limestone soils, sometimes sandy.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

One to three floodings a year.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Arid ecosystems, low but relatively rich for the region.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The land manager is the Government, National Centre for Vegetation Cover Development and Combating Desertification, which facilitates tourism/ picnicking in the park and protection of the environment (for all genders and ages of tourists). Land users can be considered to be local people who volunteer their labour and use the area for recreation.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

• under park management

• under park management

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

注释:

National Park, government property

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

Tourism is with guides and tour operators - facilities are being improved

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

Expert estimates/expectations

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Expert estimates/ expectations

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	好

注释:

The impact will depend on the density of pits per hectare. Experimentation with different spacing as low as 3 metres apart could/ should be tested and evaluated for costs and results.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

It depends on the case, but the success in terms of vegetation establishment and thus related benefits is generally very high.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

The technology is no longer experimental. It is routine in Thadiq National Park up which is creating up to 300,000 new pits per year.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

Joint ventures between NCVC, local donors and volunteers.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Radical change to the ecosystem and landscape to improve it environmentally.
Attractive to tourists after 5 years.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Adapting to climate change (rising temperatures, increased flash flooding).
Necessary if we want to turn desert into forests and steppes.
One of the best ways to revegetate the desert.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High costs.	Use climate change budgets or convince donors and the Government and Vegetation Centre to finance it.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High costs.	Use climate change budgets or convince donors and the Government and Vegetation Centre to finance it.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FAO 2024. State of land degradation, desertification and sand encroachment in Saudi Arabia.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

FAO Project internal report, Saudi Arabia, 051. Fao-sa@fao.org

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FAO 2022. Forest Sector Review of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

FAO Project internal report, Saudi Arabia, 051. Fao-sa@fao.org

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FAO, 2022. National Park Sector Review of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

FAO Project internal report, Saudi Arabia, 051. Fao-sa@fao.org

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FAO, 2022. Rangeland Sector Review of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

FAO Project internal report, Saudi Arabia, 051. Fao-sa@fao.org

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

National Center for Vegetation Cover NCVC

URL:

https://ncvc.gov.sa/

7.4 一般注释

Add the FAO Project UTF/SAU/051/SAU, Strengthening the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture’s Capacity to Implement the Sustainable Rural Agricultural Development Programme