1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Agricultural Research Council (ARC) - 南非

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

26/11/2001

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Conservation agriculture included aspects such as crop rotation, mulching and no-tillage.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The goal of conservation agriculture is to maintain and improve crop yields and at the same time protect and stimulate the biological binding functioning of the soil. The essential features of conservation agriculture are no-tillage, maintenance of cover (live or dead vegetal material) and crop rotation. Crops are planted through the cover with special equipment or (in the case of Mlondozi) by making holes in the ground with a hand hoe.

Soil cover inhibits erosion and the germination of weed seeds; it improves soil and water retention and reduces compaction.

Crop-seeds are planted without prior ploughing. If a plough sole exists, soil has to be ripped, if not, crop seeds can be planted. It is advisable to move gradually from tillage to no-tillage over a period of 4-5 years, starting with a crop that produces enough organic material (2-3 ton dry material annually).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Technology was implemented in several countries in the world e.g. Brasilia/Argentina/Australia/North America and African countries such as Zimbabwe, Zambia, e.g.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): - Soil compaction (plough layer) . - Reduced soil fertility. - Soil acidity. - Overgrazing. - Lack of implements. - Lack of land tenure.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): - Lack of land tenure. - Lack of money.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 170; Longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Apr

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 最小的土壤扰动
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 5.2 km2.

Total technology area is approximately 300 ha.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, management measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, mulching, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers, rotations / fallows, breaking compacted topsoil, zero tillage / no-till, breaking compacted subsoil

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (Agricultural causes), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify, education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge)

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing, land tenure (No land deeds), poverty / wealth (Lack of captial)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical drawing

Location: Mlondozi. Mpumalanga

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, improvement of soil structure

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, increase of surface roughness, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, increase in soil fertility

Better crop cover
Material/ species: maize/grass

Mulching
Material/ species: maize/legume

Agronomic measure: removing less vegetation cover
Material/ species: maize

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: 2:3:2 (22)

Soil conditioners (lime, gypsum)
Material/ species: lime

Rotations / fallows
Material/ species: soya/any beans

Major change in timing of activities: systems approach

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Rand

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

10.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Exclude animals from field	管理	Feb - April
2.	Fencing	管理	Once
3.	Spraying of weeds	管理	October

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 48 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	No-tillage	农业学的	Oct/Nov / Once with ploughing
2.	Crop rotation	农业学的	Oct/Nov / Every second year rotation
3.	Keep lands weed free	管理	Dec - Jan / Once - 3 times

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
肥料和杀菌剂	Pesticide	ha	1.0	20.0	20.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Save - ploughing	ha	1.0	40.0	40.0
技术维护所需总成本					60.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

High weed population

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is low - medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

65% of the land users are very rich.
5% of the land users are average wealthy.
30% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: Pensions to by inputs.

Level of mechanization: Animal traction is possible, but less common

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

220 households

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

注释:

200 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

20 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increase yields How can they be sustained / enhanced? Training
Cheaper way of planting
Improve water infiltration How can they be sustained / enhanced? Mulch
Reduce erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Mulch
Time saving

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Early planting - not dependant on tractors and ploughs How can they be sustained / enhanced? Training
Soil - reduce soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Increase in organic material in soil
Weed control - reduce weed population How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use of herbicides
Improve water retention - lower risk of draught periods How can they be sustained / enhanced? Mulch
Reduction in input cost (R500/ha) Increase yields

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Lack of no-till implements

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Lack of mechanisation of no-till implements	Exposure to implements

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Demonstration & Assessment of sustainable land management practices in the Mlondozi district of Mpumalanga. Du Preez, Kidson, Beukes & Smith. 1998/1999/2000.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ARC - ISCW