技术

Establishment of living seabuckthorn fences for the protection of reforestation sites (CACILM) [塔吉克斯坦]

technologies_1036 - 塔吉克斯坦

完整性: 78%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

Angermann Michael

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH,

塔吉克斯坦

SLM专业人员:

Neusel Benjamin

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH,

塔吉克斯坦

SLM专业人员:

Kirchhoff Joachim F.

GIZ GmbH,

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM I)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.5 参考关于SLM方法(使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法)的调查问卷

Savings Book Approach
approaches

Savings Book Approach [塔吉克斯坦]

Reforestation of deserted state forest plots through a financial incentive system for the labour intensive first years of forest establishment, after which harvests of forest products from the plot provide income opportunities for the forest tenants and the State Forestry Agency (in the frame of CACILM).

  • 编制者: Roziya Kirgizbekova
Joint Forest Management (JFM)
approaches

Joint Forest Management (JFM) [塔吉克斯坦]

Protection and rehabilitation of state forests based on joint long term agreements set up between the State Forestry Agency, and local forest users (in the frame of CACILM).

  • 编制者: Roziya Kirgizbekova

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Protection of reforestation sites (willow, poplar and fruit trees) through living seabuckthorn perimeter fencing on Joint Forestry Management plots.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In the heavily degraded flood plain forests of the Pamirs in eastern Tajikistan, living fences made out of seabuckthorn are protecting reforestation and Joint Forestry Management (JFM) sites. A living seabuckthorn fence consists of two layers. The outer layer is an instant fence made of thorny seabuсkthorn branches. The purpose of the outer layer is to immediately restrict animal and human access to the reafforestation site. The outer layer also buffers the inner layer of seabuckthorn, which is planted from seabuckthorn seedlings. The inner layer will establish itself over a number of seasons, eventually growing to a height of 1.5-2m. Once established, the seabuckthorn bush provides a low cost sustainable perimeter fence to protect reforestation activities. The bush also produces fruits for processing (in the frame of CACILM)

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of this technology is to improve heavily degraded forest areas and establish new areas by restricting open access to the human population and preventing uncontrolled livestock grazing. As part of the Joint Forestry Management approach, these reforested areas are leased to the land user providing long-term legal control, as well as income opportunities for the tenants and the State Forestry Agency.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: As part of the Joint Forestry Management approach (TAJ015), land is allocated by the State Forestry Agency to a designated land user. Once the size of the plot is established, a solid fence constructed of off-cuts of seabuckthorn and supported by willow poles is established around the perimeter of the JFM reforestation area. The seabuckthorn branches are fixed together with willow twigs, willow branches or wire and are attached to wooden poles. Once completed, seabuckthorn seedlings are planted at 0.5m intervals along a small irrigation channel on the inner side of the perimeter fence. After a few seasons these seedlings will grow into a natural living fence, which will take over the protection role from the perimeter fence constructed from off-cuts. The reforestion area is planted with branches of willow and poplar and interspersed with fruit trees. Reforestation planting materials are readily available in most parts of GBAO, and the Forestry Agency facilitates free access to seabuckthorn branches, willow branches and wooden poles. If required, wire and tools are provided by the JFM project.

Natural / human environment: The natural forest cover and biological diversity in many areas of GBAO has been significantly degraded. While population density in GBAO is low, natural resources are scarce due to the high altitude mountain environment and the pressure on these resources is great. In Soviet times, the Pamir region was highly dependent on subsidized coal from other parts of the Soviet Union. After independence, coal was no longer available and other fuel had to be sourced. Population pressure, poverty, and the lack of established local level institutions to manage forest lands have rendered forest areas an open access resource where the local population harvests forest products and grazes livestock without regulation. The local Forestry Agencies do not have the capacity to control overuse or to implement sustainable forestry management. As a part of the Joint Forestry Management approach (TAJ015) this SLM technology is a reintroduction of a traditional method for the protection of reforestation sites against livestock and, additionally, it clearly demarcates forest plot ownership and boundaries.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

塔吉克斯坦

区域/州/省:

Tajikistan, Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Region (GBAO)

有关地点的进一步说明:

Ishkashim, Roshtkala and Shugnan Districts

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 20 km2.

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

Living seabuckthorn fencing is a traditional/indigenous method used for many years in the Pamirs. This technology has more recently been promoted by the project for the protection of forest plots under JFM. Similarly, the tree planting techniques used also follow traditionally applied methods in the Pamirs.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

森林/林地

森林/林地

  • plantation forestry
  • Seabuckthorn
产品和服务:
  • 木材
  • 薪材
  • 水果和坚果
  • 其它森林产品
  • 自然保持/保护
  • 自然灾害防护
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Open access to forests leads to illegal use and destruction of forests; grazing of livestock within forest areas hinder regeneration of forests.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of fuel wood for cooking and heating; lack of pastures and fodder for maintaining or increasing livestock herds; land degradation and increasing vulnerability to natural hazard periods

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Plantation forestry: Yes

Problems / comments regarding forest use: For now most of the forest plots are strongly degraded natural and formerly forested areas. So far felling is strongly restricted and permitted only where afforestation is conducted.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection, protection against natural hazards

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?:
  • 是(请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题)
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 林牧业
森林/林地

森林/林地

  • 植树造林

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
管理措施

管理措施

  • M5:物种组成的控制/变化
注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: management measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤风蚀

土壤风蚀

  • Et:表土流失
  • Eo:场外劣化效应
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bc:植被覆盖的减少
  • Bh:栖息地丧失
注释:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, land tenure, governance / institutional (Lack of human and material resources of Forest Agency)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, population pressure, poverty / wealth, war and conflicts (Lack of energy resources during civil war)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

注释:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

Living seabuckthorn fence: The dead part of the fence prevents livestock from entering the forest plot, while in the long run the planted seedlings take over this role by forming a dense living seabuckthorn barrier.

Location: -. Gorno Badakhshan, Tajikistan

Date: February 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (It is not a difficult technology to implement.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400-800
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Trees/ shrubs species: seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)

Change of land use type: Enclosure of the plot, change from grazing to forest

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Change from open access to controlled access (fence)

Control / change of species composition

作者:

Hahnewald/Gaude/Rosset

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币(具体说明):

Tajik Somoni

如相关,注明美元与当地货币的汇率(例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔):1美元=:

4.5

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

7.00

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Establishment of living seabuckthorn fence Any time
2. Planting of poplar and willows early spring
3. Planting of fruit trees early spring

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Establishment of living seabuckthorn fence Mandays 160.0 6.6625 1066.0 100.0
劳动力 Planting of poplar and willows Mandays 40.0 6.65 266.0 100.0
劳动力 Planting of fruit trees Mandays 3.0 6.666 20.0 100.0
设备 Tools piece 4.0 5.5 22.0
植物材料 Seedlings Seabuckthorn piece 2000.0 0.2225 445.0
植物材料 Seedlings of poplar and willows piece 1200.0 0.22166 265.99
植物材料 Seedlings fruit trees piece 50.0 1.11 55.5 100.0
施工材料 Wood 360 cub per m 1000.0 0.8 800.0
施工材料 Wire m 1000.0 0.111 111.0
技术建立所需总成本 3051.49
技术建立总成本,美元 678.11
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Fence repair spring, annually
2. Plant tending spring, annually

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Fence repair Mandays 3.0 6.666 20.0 100.0
劳动力 Plant tending Mandays 4.0 6.75 27.0 100.0
设备 Tools piece 2.0 13.5 27.0
植物材料 8.0
施工材料 Wood 2 cub per m 1000.0 0.0089 8.9 100.0
施工材料 Wire meter 10.0 0.1 1.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 83.9
技术维护总成本,美元 18.64
注释:

Machinery/ tools: Spades, scissors, picks, gloves, planting bars.

The costs were calculated for 1000m of live seabuckthorn fence and approximately 1ha of tree planting, including 50 fruit trees and 1200 poplars and willows. Costs were calculated in April 2011. It is assumed that seabuckthorn and wood for poles are readily available on the forest plot or can be provided by the State Forestry Agency from nearby plots. Seedlings needed for the live part of the fence are very small parts of seabuckthorn plants, which are available as well wherever seabuckthorn grows. Tools are provided through the Joint Forestry Management project for the period they are needed for construction and maintenance. The mentioned enrichment plantings do not apply to every plot to the same extent. These also highly depend on the motivation and interest of the tenant.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The seabuckthorn seedlings are readily available in the area of implementation and incur no financial cost to the forest tenant. The labour is provided by the forest tenant. Labour is potentially a major expense if the land user must pay for it. Factors that contribute to the amount of labour required include the distance the seabuckthorn wood and seedlings have to be transported and the soil texture for the digging of a trench for the erection of the fence.
So far, the material needed for fencing and tree planting has been provided free of charge by the Forestry Agency. The only financial cost to the land user is the cost of the fruit trees, approximately 5 som per sapling. The land is provided by the Forestry Agency free of charge, however percentages of harvested forest products have to be paid to the Forestry Agency as the land owner's share.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

Spring and autumn are (moderate) rainy seasons, summer is a dry period of min. 3 months

农业气候带
  • 干旱

Thermal climate class: temperate. continental climate, cold winters but warm, rather long summers

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
说明该技术是否专门应用于:
  • 凸形情况
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Footslopes only where there is sufficient water coming from the gorges. Flood plain forests in the valley floors (convex). Flood plain forests in valley floors, flat areas.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

< 5米

地表水的可用性:

中等

水质(未处理):

良好饮用水

水的盐度有问题吗?:

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
  • 中等

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
非农收入:
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
性别:
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women are encouraged to participate, but as the work consists in rather strenuous forestry work, it is mainly applied by men.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

10% of the land users are average wealthy.
80% of the land users are poor (mostly villagers with no formal employment).
10% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: Mostly subsistence farming. Income mainly from remittances and formal employment.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: 0.5-1 ha, 1-2 ha, 2-5 ha, 5-15 ha

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
土地使用权:
  • 租赁
用水权:
  • 社区(有组织)
注释:

Forest plots of the State Forestry Agency are leased to local forest tenants according to the procedure described in the approach TAJ015 "Joint Forestry Management". Therefore the tenants hold 20-years management and user rights specified in the contract for the leased plots. The technology is applied on these forest plots leased by the State Forestry Agency. Water use rights are strictly regulated on a communal basis, whereas use rights for forest plots have to be negotiated on a communal basis as well.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

饲料生产

降低
增加

木材生产

降低
增加
SLM之后的数量:

2-10m3

注释/具体说明:

Before: illegal open access

产品多样性

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

non-timber forest products

能源生产

降低
增加
水资源可用性和质量

灌溉用水的可用性

降低
增加
收入和成本

收入来源的多样性

降低
增加

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良

健康状况

恶化
改良

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

社会经济弱势群体的情况

恶化
改良

生态影响

水循环/径流

地表径流

增加
降低
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低
生物多样性:植被、动物

生物量/地上C

降低
增加

植物多样性

降低
增加

栖息地多样性

降低
增加
减少气候和灾害风险

风速

增加
降低

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

下游洪水

增加
减少

风力搬运沉积物

增加
减少

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨 不好
局地风暴
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱 不好
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
缩短生长期 不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

轻度消极

长期回报:

积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

中性/平衡

长期回报:

积极

6.5 技术采用

  • > 50%
如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

80% = 333 number of land user families / 85% of the area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 51-90%
注释:

20% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

83 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Material support was only provided where necessary inputs were not available but fencing nonetheless was crucial for the rehabilitation of the site.

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

333 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: For some forest areas a fence was established around the whole forest plot (not around each tenants individual plot), significantly reducing the workload as compared to the calculated costs.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Ownership for a demarcated forest plot.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support trust in the ownership among tenants, effective collaboration with the Forestry Agency.
Increased income opportunities if regeneration of forests is improved, and legal access to fuelwood for subsistence.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of marketing opportunities.
Technology is easy to implement and non-available materials are provided.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Encourage building of living seabuckthorn fences and provide access to places where building materials are available.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Use of locally available material and indigenous species, therefore low level of external input.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support availability and spatial distribution of seabuckthorn for fencing, establish nurseries for seabuckthorn seedlings.
Implementation and promotion of traditionally used technology.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Training to show advantages and sustainability of the traditional fencing technique.
Effective protection of forest areas, protection of planted seedlings, support of natural regeneration.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of marketing opportunities for forest products and highlight the increased income and harvest opportunities if forests are protected and growing well.
Sustainability through the planting of seabuckthorn seedlings and the evolution towards a living seabuckthorn fence.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Highlight the lower maintenance costs once the fence is naturally growing and dense.
Potential for further processing of seabuckthorn.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of sustainable and market-oriented structures for seabuckthorn and other NTFP processing.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Livestock cannot be grazed on forest areas. Trainings and participatory discussions on opportunities to increase fodder and pasture availability, including "cut and carry" systems and increased production of perennial and other fodder crops within the forest plots.
High workload for fencing and planting. Highlight the longterm income and subsistence opportunities when increased amounts of forest products can be harvested and support the creation of value chains and marketing options for forest products.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Conflicts might arise within the village between the interest of protecting and supporting regeneration of the forest and the interest of villagers to graze their livestock on the forest plots. Facilitation of integrated land management including forestry, pasture management and irrigation; facilitation of civil society organization formation.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

模块