技术

Improved grazing land management [埃塞俄比亚]

Gitosh masheshal

technologies_1049 - 埃塞俄比亚

完整性: 71%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - 意大利
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) - 埃塞俄比亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.5 参考关于SLM方法(使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法)的调查问卷

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Rehabilitation of communal grazing lands, through planting of improved grass and fodder trees and land subdivision, to improve fodder and consequently livestock production.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This case study focuses on the highly populated, humid highland regions of Ethiopia that experience serious shortages of pasture. Due to rapid population growth, communal grazing areas are increasingly being converted into cropland. This has led to enormous pressure on the little remaining grazing land, through overstocking of dairy cows and oxen, and thus overgrazing, resulting in considerably decreased productivity.
Improved grazing land management is vital to increase food security and alleviate poverty, as well as to bring environmental rewards. To address these problems, the national SWC programme in Ethiopia initiated a grazing land management project over a decade ago. Implementation of the technology includes the initial delineating of the grazing land, and then fencing to exclude open access. This is followed by land preparation, application of compost (and, if necessary, inorganic fertilizers) to improve soil fertility, then planting of improved local and exotic fodder species, including multipurpose shrubs/trees such as Leucaena sp. and Sesbania sp. and the local desho grass (Pennisetum sp.). Desho has a high nutritive value and regular cuts are ensured. It is planted by splits, which have high survival rates and establish better than grasses which are seeded. Other grass seeds, as well as legumes, including alfalfa (lucerne: Medicago sativa) and clovers in some cases, are mixed with fodder tree seeds and then broadcast.
Maintenance activities such as weeding, manuring and replanting ensure proper establishment and persistence. Fodder is cut and carried to stall-fed livestock. Once a year, grass is cut for hay, which is stored to feed animals during the dry season. Experience shows that such grazing land is best managed when individually owned and used. In the study area, the community has distributed small plots (<0.5 ha) of communal grazing land to individual users to develop, manage and use.
The overall purpose of the intervention is to improve the productivity of grazing land and control land degradation through the introduction of productive techniques and improved fodder species, which consequently improve livestock production. Commercialisation of animals and marketing of their products increases the income of farmers. The government provides technical assistance, close follow-up, and some inputs for initial establishment. Land users are trained in compost/ manure application, planting of seeds, splits and seedlings, and general maintenance.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

埃塞俄比亚

区域/州/省:

Chencha

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 20 km2.

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 林牧业

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 多年一作(非木材)
  • 乔木与灌木的种植
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 豆科牧草和豆类 - 其他
  • 饲料作物 - 其他
  • 饲料作物 - 苜蓿
  • lucerne: Medicago sativa
  • local desho grass (Pennisetum sp.)
  • Leucaena sp. and Sesbania sp.
每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: March - September

牧场

牧场

集约放牧/饲料生产:
  • 收割和携带/零放牧
  • 改良牧场
动物类型:
  • 牛 - 奶制品
  • oxen
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Population growth has resulted in a substantial reduction in land holdings (<0.5 ha per family) and this in turn has led inevitably to encroachment onto communal grazing lands for cultivation. Livestock numbers on the other hand have remained unchanged, and this has led to overstocking of the few areas left. Livestock production, which accounts for 40% of the average household income, is thus reduced and farmers’ income declines correspondingly.

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?:
  • 是(请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题)
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 林牧业
农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 多年一作(非木材)
  • 乔木与灌木的种植
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 豆科牧草和豆类 - 其他
  • 饲料作物 - 苜蓿
  • lucerne: Medicago sativa
  • local desho grass (Pennisetum sp.)
  • Leucaena sp, Sesbania sp.
牧场

牧场

集约放牧/饲料生产:
  • 收割和携带/零放牧

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 区域封闭(停止使用,支持恢复)
  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

农艺措施

  • A2:有机质/土壤肥力
植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
管理措施

管理措施

  • M2:改变管理/强度级别
注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bc:植被覆盖的减少
  • Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

Splits of desho grass (Pennisetum pedecillatum) are plantet in lines, using a hand hoe, after good seedbed preparation. Spacing between grass splits is 10 x 10 cm. The white line is a boundary between two households' plots (width of plot: 15-20 m). Trees are planted at rirregular spacing (around 5 m apart), layout is not specified.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, control of dispersed runoff, increase in soil fertility

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, improvement of soil structure, control of concentrated runoff

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: animal manure, leaf litter, wood ash, soil

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: Leucaena sp., Sesbania sp.

Grass species: Desho grass (Pennisetumsp.), alfalfa (lucerne: Medicago sativa)

Other type of management: change of intensity level

作者:

Daniel Danano

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Delineation of the area to be conserved and establishment of a fence before the onset of rain
2. Subdivision of communal land into individual plots of 0.3–0.5 ha.
3. Planting material preparation in nurseries: grass splits (desho)
4. Good seedbed preparation (at the onset of the rains).
5. Planting of grass splits and tree/shrub species in lines; sowing of grass (early in the rainy season).
6. Weeding.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 320.0 320.0 100.0
设备 Animal traction ha 1.0 17.0 17.0 100.0
设备 Tools ha 1.0 5.0 5.0 50.0
植物材料 Seedlings ha 1.0 5.0 5.0
植物材料 Grass splits (tillers) ha 1.0 450.0 450.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Fertilizer ha 1.0 60.0 60.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Compost/manure ha 1.0 140.0 140.0 100.0
施工材料 Deadwood for fencing ha 1.0 55.0 55.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 1052.0
技术建立总成本,美元 1052.0
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Compost/manure preparation. Material used includes animal manure, / initial establishment
2. Compost application / one month after planting, initial establishment
3. Cut-and-carry, to stall-fed animals, begins when fodder is ready. (after 2–3 months growth) /2 -4 times
4. A final cut for hay is taken early in the dry season when the grass has matured well. (end of October) /
5. Weeding /each year.
6. Compost/manure application, mixed with soil, during seedbed preparation (only where plants have died and need replacement and fertilisation).
7. Enrichment planting and gap filling after a year / repeated each year.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 35.0 35.0 100.0
设备 Tools ha 1.0 4.0 4.0 100.0
植物材料 Seeds ha 1.0 30.0 30.0 100.0
植物材料 Seedlings ha 1.0 2.0 2.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Fertilizer ha 1.0 15.0 15.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Compost/manure ha 1.0 35.0 35.0 100.0
施工材料 Deadwood for fencing ha 1.0 5.0 5.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 126.0
技术维护总成本,美元 126.0
注释:

Seedlings are given by the government for initial establishment. For further extension of area and replanting, the
land users set up their own nurseries. After 2-3 years maintenance costs decrease substantially as the grass cover closes up and maintenance activities such as replanting/enrichment planting and compost application are reduced or cease. The local daily wage is about US$ 0.70 a day, but varies depending on the intensity of the work. In this calculation the standard rate has been applied.
Farmers usually cannot afford fertilizers. Milk production compensates for some of the high investment costs (previously, production was low).

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的

Local term: wett dega

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Also hill slopes (ranked 2) and foot slopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Also hilly (ranked 2) and rolling (ranked 3)

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 2) and low (ranked 3)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
非农收入:
  • 收入的10-50%
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Off-farm income specification: source of off-farm income includes petty trade and weaving

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology:
1-2 ha: Ranked 1
< 0.5 ha, 0.5-1 ha: Both ranked 2
2-5 ha: Ranked 3

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
土地使用权:
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 个人

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

饲料生产

降低
增加

饲料质量

降低
增加

畜牧生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Increase in livestock production

木材生产

降低
增加

产品多样性

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Increase in the availability of livestock products on the market

生产区域

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Decrease in size of grazing plots due to land fragmentation

收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Selling animals and their products

工作量

增加
降低
其它社会经济效应

Dependence on incentives

high
low
注释/具体说明:

Initially high. Incentives such as free seeds, seedlings, tools

社会文化影响

健康状况

恶化
改良
注释/具体说明:

Improvement in household diets (milk)

社区机构

削弱
加强

国家机构

削弱
加强
注释/具体说明:

Increased willingness

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

生态影响

土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低
其它生态影响

Biodiversity

decreased
increased

Soil fertility

decreased
increased

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

旱季稳定可靠的水流

减少
增加

下游洪水

增加
减少

下游淤积

增加
降低

Sediment transport

improved
reduced

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

稍微积极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

6.5 技术采用

注释:

50 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: 50 households who accepted the technology in the initial phase, did so with incentives. They were provided with planting materials (seeds, seedlings, grass splits) and hand tools.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The rate of spontaneous adoption is very high. At present over 500 households have taken up the technology and the total area covered is about 20 km2.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increased national income due to export of animals and their products.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Availability of fodder (grass, hay, shrubs) in sufficient quantities, and all year round

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Increase the area under such development.
Reduction in soil loss and land degradation

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain adequate cover by planting more grass.
Introduction of high yielding species as well as increase in land productivity and livestock production

How can they be sustained / enhanced? ntroduce bigger variability of quality
species and improve maintenance activities such as weeding and cultivation.
Improved diet: livestock by-products such as milk, butter and cheese are
essential food items required by the households

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Keep on increasing/improving quantity/quality of livestock feed.
Increased income through commercialisation and marketing of animals
and their by-products. Meets financial needs for paying taxes, school fees, clothes etc.
Rehabilitation of communal grazing lands is both a technical and social challenge. Here is a promising example from Ethiopia that is spreading quickly. The key is subdivision of land into individual plots where cut-and-carry of grass and stall-feeding of livestock is practiced. This is only a possible option, however, where rainfall is favourable. land use rights: individual for cropland, open access (unorganised/communally used) for grazing land, except for the case study area where the rights to rehabilitated grazing land are given to individuals

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
At the initial stage of establishment it is very labour intensive Use of improved land preparation methods such as oxen ploughing.
Substantial cash for inputs, particularly seedlings, is required Produce seedlings of improved species and making compost in backyards.
Needs high fertilizer application Focus more on organic fertilizers.
High pressure on remaining grazing areas Keep animals in stall (stable) or park, at least part of the day and during the night, and introduce cut-and-carry more widely.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Adane Dinku, Chencha Wereda, Natural Resources Management Annual Report,. 2001 and 2002.

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