1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Kathmandu University (KU) - 尼泊尔

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Sustainable Agriculture Development Program Nepal (SADP) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Making the use of cow dung, cow urine, cow ghee, cow milk and honey with other materials, in order to make a fertilizer for plant production.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Panchhagavya was in practice from Neolithic period but recently has become a common interest. It has been used by Hindu Society and has also been mentioned in Vedas. In 1950, James F. Martin made a liquid by lactating cow milk, using dung, sea water and yeast. It was claimed that it was capable of greening degrading land.
It is an organic product that has the potential to play the role of promoting growth and providing immunity in plant system. It consists of nine products i.e. cow dung, cow urine, milk, curd, jaggery, ghee, ripened banana, tender coconut and water.
This technology most importantly focuses on agronomic measures and conserves the manuring and composting. It does not lead to changes in slope profile of the land. Organic matter is used for soil surface treatment which increases the fertility of the soil. This agronomic measure is also combined with management measures where change in management of soil results in giving improved vegetable cover.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of Panchhagavya is to deal with major land problems such as soil infertility, less production of crops and water pollution due to use of fertilizers. It focuses on cropland where annual cropping is done. Annual crops are usually harvested within one or maximally within two years. Chemical and physical soil deterioration and biological degradation are the types of land degradation addresses by the technology.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: In a container, mix 5kg of cow dung and 1/2kg of ghee. This mixture is stored in a shade for 4 days.On 5th day, the mixture is poured in a new container and cow milk, curd and cow urine is added to it. Then Jaggery is added by dissolving it in water. Ripened bananas are mashed and added to the above mixture with coconut water. This is stored for 30 days. Now, the mixture is stirred and mixed daily. This mixture is then sprayed to the crops. If the mixture is sprayed with hand sprayer then the nozzel must have greater pores. The preparation of Panchhagavya requires lot of products and takes around 30 days which makes it a bit costly.

Natural / human environment: The Panchhagavya thus produced is then sprayed in the agriculture fields. So, this can be used as a substitute for fertilizers as a type of organic manure. It can help promote greenery. Panchhagavya is prepared indoors in huge quantities and may be used overtime as required.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

It was in practice from neolithic period (7500-6500) but recently has become a common interest.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• Improve soil fertility

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林牧业

注释:

Main crops (cash and food crops): (CA) Rice, (CP) potato and (CT) orange

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil infertility, less yield or production of crops, water pollution due to use of fertilizers.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Less yield of crops

Nomadism: Yes

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Ranching: Yes

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Improved pasture: Yes

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: Yes

Plantation forestry: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, grazing / browsing, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection, recreation / tourism, protection against natural hazards

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

Constraints of mines and extractive industries

Constraints of settlement / urban

Constraints of infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines)

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

Livestock density: 1-10 LU /km2

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated, full irrigation and post-flooding

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures, structural measures, management measures

Specification of other management measures: improves water holding capacity of soil

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, green manure, manure / compost / residues, soil conditioners (lime, gypsum)

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Cp: soil pollution, Cs: salinisation / alkalinisation, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Ps: subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil, Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	mix 7 kg cow dung and 1 kg cow ghee	store in shade for 4 days
2.	on 5th day pour milk, curd and cow urine	1 day
3.	dissolve jaggery in water, add ripened banana and tender coconut water	store for 30 days
4.	stir and mix mixture daily	for 30 days

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Mix 5 kg of cow dung and 1/2 kg of ghee	4 days
2.	On 5th day pour milk, curd and cow urine	5th day
3.	Dissolve jaggery in water and add ripened banana and tender coconut water	30 days
4.	Stir and mix mixture daily	Everyday

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Fertilizers are found everywhere and is cheap but the properties of Panchhagavya requires a lot of products and takes around 30 days which makes it costly.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is very low - medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Species diversity: Also medium

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 公司
• 社区/村庄

注释:

Land ownership: Also group

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

注释:

Prefer drainage system and better plant diversity

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Can improve the lifestyle because it helps to increase the economic status. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Land users also should be active and motivates other to use.
Fresh vegetables without chemical fertilizers can be sold in market and gain more profit.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Increase the productivity of crops. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Awareness program, training should be done in local level in each and every part of the country.
Sustain drought condition because roots are grown into deeper layers. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Different research based project should carried out.
Reduces the use of chemical fertilizers because Panchhagavya itself is a fertilizer. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Research study initiation based on Panchhagavya should be established.
Improve the quality of the soil which ultimately improves the yield also.
Increase the immunity of the plant.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Preparation of Panchhagavya is lengthy process so farmer use chemical fertilizer rather than Panchhagavya.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The preparation of Panchhagavya is a lengthy process so people are not ready to use instead of chemical fertilizers.	Awareness training program within the people.
The use of Panchhagavya should be done in specific quantity. If not then it has negative impact on plants.	Use of Panchhagavya in specific quantity as referred by the SLM specialists.