技术

Grass strips [乌干达]

Omukikizo (Runyankore)

technologies_1151 - 乌干达

完整性: 78%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:

Ayoreka Ruth

乌干达

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - 意大利

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.5 参考关于SLM方法(使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法)的调查问卷

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Napier grass strips control soil erosion on annual and perennial cropland on moderately-angled to highly-angled slopes.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Napier grass is native to the tropical African savanna, where one cultivar is also known as Uganda grass or elephant grass. In Uganda, extensive natural Napier grasslands grew on the fringes of tropical forest until quite recently, the grass being used as mulch for coffee plantations and, later, banana plantations. Its use as cut fodder is more recent.

Napier grass strips as a conservation technology was introduced to members of Farmer Field Schools in Mwizi sub-county by Kagera TAMP field facilitators. Its extensive rhizomatous root system coupled with dense, leafy clumps makes it a quickly establishing vegetative technology against soil erosion by stabilizing the soil and checking surface runoff.

The technology is watershed oriented, with grass strips planted on the upper side of "Fanya Ju" trenches to enhance runoff checking and sediment retention. Mulching is also used to reduce direct impact of rain-drops that otherwise loosen the top soil and worsen the process of surface erosion. When established, grass strips form a continuous hedge along the contour, 0.5m to 1.0m high, regularly cut to provide fodder for livestock or for mulch. The strips are 10m apart.

Purpose of the Technology: The grass strips protect the land from surface erosion, progressively checking the speed of surface runoff, trapping sediment and increasing infiltration. Over time grass strips lead to the formation of terraces.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Napier grass is propagated from root splits, canes with 3 nodes or from whole canes. In the soil excavated from a shallow (0.30m to 0.60m) fanya ju trench, the planting material is planted 0.15m to 0.20m deep with splits planted upright, three node canes planted at an angle of 30-45 degrees while whole canes are buried in the furrow 0.60m to 0.90m apart. The root splits and canes are usually spaced 0.50m to 0.60m along the contour. Root splits generally take more labor to prepare and to plant but result in quicker establishment and earlier and higher forage yields. Once the crop is well-established the original planting material type generally has little effect strip characteristics.

The grass strips are maintained by regular harvesting to a height of o.3m or lower depending on the amount of rain.

Natural / human environment: Maintenance is simple and cheap. Hand hoes and pangas are the only tools used in establishment and maintenance. A little manual labor is all that is required for establishment and management. Stands can survive for decades when well-maintained, but because of its rapid growth and high yields, Napier grass requires regular application of nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the form of farm yard manure, readily available in Mwizi from the livestock that feed on the grass. While pests and diseases that attack the Napier grass exist, it has not yet been observed to be a problem.

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

乌干达

区域/州/省:

Uganda

有关地点的进一步说明:

Mbarara

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果不知道精确的区域,请注明大致覆盖的区域:
  • 1-10 平方千米
注释:

The technology is being adopted well on perennial cropland banana plantations, on moderate to steep slopes in Mwizi sub-county, Mbarara district.

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

It was initiated by Uganda siol and water pilot project in 1994

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 农林业

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 多年一作(非木材)
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子
  • 根/块茎作物 - 土豆
  • casava, Napier grass/ Uganda grass/ Eplephant grass
多年生(非木质)作物 - 指定作物:
  • 香蕉/芭蕉/蕉麻
每年的生长季节数:
  • 2
具体说明:

Longest growing period from month to month: September to January Second longest growing period from month to month: From March to June

牧场

牧场

森林/林地

森林/林地

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): There was erosion and plant/crops were growing stunted. The soil was dusty.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): There was low crop production per unit area, crops were washed away by runoff.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Coffee is planted in banana plantation

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

农田

农田

注释:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 横坡措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V2:草和多年生草本植物
注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -graded strips *<sup>3</sup>

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Continuous cultivation), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Steep slopes facilitate the speed of v), population pressure (Land is subdivided into small pieces and is left to rest.)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

Grass strips are lines across the slope and are separated by the annual cropland. The distance between the strips range between 10m and 15m .

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (They are already trained)

Technical knowledge required for land users: high (There is high level of illeteracy)

Main technical functions: reduction of slope length

Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): -
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.8
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 10
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Grass species: Napier grass

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币(具体说明):

Ug Shillings

如相关,注明美元与当地货币的汇率(例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔):1美元=:

2600.0

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

0.70

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Cutting wet season
2. Transporting
3. Planting

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour 200 7.0 100.0
设备 Tools 200m 1.0 2.0 2.0 100.0
其它 Grass cuttings 200m 1.0 8.0 8.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 10.0
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Slashing 2 times a year

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour 200 m 1.0 5.0 5.0
设备 Tools 200m 1.0 1.0 1.0
技术维护所需总成本 6.0
注释:

Machinery/ tools: Handhoes and pangas are used in daily activities.

Costs are calculated for grass strips for 5 strips of 30metres

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

There is cheap hired labour and the slope is not so steep

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

Recieved twice a year, March/June and September/January

农业气候带
  • 半湿润

Thermal climate class: tropics

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (It its the highest parts of the district)
Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1, technolgy applied across the slope) and footslopes (ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Gentle (ranked 1, shoulder slopes are gentle), hilly (ranked 2, hill sides are steep)

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Shallow (ranked 1, at the upper end of the slope), very shallow (along the hill slopes, ranked 2,) and deep (in the valley)
Soil texture: Medium (cannot form a crumbling ribbon)
Soil fertility: Medium (can support plant growth)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (colour change to brownish)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium
Soil water storage capacity: Medium (crops can still grow during the dry season)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

> 50米

地表水的可用性:

匮乏/没有

水质(未处理):

不良饮用水(需要处理)

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (treatement required, water in valley only for livestock)

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
  • 中等

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 混合(生计/商业)
非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
性别:
  • 女人
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: no difference
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
50% of the land users are very rich and own 40% of the land.
30% of the land users are rich and own 50% of the land.
20% of the land users are average wealthy and own 10% of the land (have enough food,good housing).
Off-farm income specification: All land users do not get off farm income
Level of mechanization: Manual work (the terrain of the land do not allow animal traction and mechanised cultivation )
Market orientation: There is no specialization

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

Average fragments

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,未命名
土地使用权:
  • 个人
用水权:
  • 自由进入(无组织)

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

200kg

SLM之后的数量:

1300kg

注释/具体说明:

From improved yields people have increased suplus for sell and enough money to cater for family necesities

饲料生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Introduction of zero grazing

饲料质量

降低
增加

畜牧生产

降低
增加

生产故障风险

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

There is crop failure close to strips

生产区域

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Grasses occupy are where crops would grow

收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

50000shs

SLM之后的数量:

75000shs

其它社会经济效应

Competition

decreased
increased
注释/具体说明:

Crop failure near gras strips (on the lower side)

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

Food was enough,balanced diet

生态影响

水循环/径流

地表径流

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Water speed was reduced

生物多样性:植被、动物

害虫/疾病控制

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

They create hiding places for rats

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对邻近农田的破坏

增加
减少

对公共/私人基础设施的破坏

增加
减少
注释/具体说明:

There is no more water movement to the lower fields

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加 未知

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨
局地风暴 未知
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱 不好
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 未知
注释:

By planting Calliandra alongside the grass strips

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

轻度消极

长期回报:

稍微积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

积极

注释:

Grasses are used to feed livestock and mulching. It requires low labour.

6.5 技术采用

  • > 50%
如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

10

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 11-50%
注释:

20% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

2 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: 2 families have applied the technology with external support

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

8 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: The technology was initiated by 2 land users and only 8 have adopted

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is still need for community sensitization and material support

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Land users are already sensitized

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous sensitization
There is high demand for animal feed and mulching

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Estabkish more grass strips
Planting materials are available

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Leaving some grasses to overgrow

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Low adoption of the technology setting demonstrations
Low turn up at training sessions Forining farmer groups like Farmer field schools

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

模块