1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Kathmandu University (KU) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

It is a technology where slope, waste land, remains of crop land, marginal lands, rising terraces are protected by fodder cultivation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This technology involves the cultivation of various trees, grasses, legumes and shrubs that can be used as livestock feed. The slopes in the hills, rising terraces, waste and barren land and other land types with many limitations that cannot be used for agriculture are used for fodder cultivation. In this way, the land is protected from landslide, erosion by wind and water and the loss of soil fertility due to over-compaction of soil and overgrazing is reduced. In addition, the feed quality and quantity of the livestock is improved and their productivity consequently is also increased.

Purpose of the Technology: This technology is practiced:
-mainly for protection of land from erosion or landslide,to protect from over-compaction and overgrazing leading to soil fertility loss i.e. for land management
-for the purpose of providing food for livestock even during the winter months.
-for increasing the quality of feed for livestock and thus, improve their productivity.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: This technology involves the plantation of trees, legumes, shrubs and grasses in the wastelands and lands deemed unfit for agriculture. The suitable plant seedlings are planted at a particular season i.e during spring mainly in the month of Baisakh. Depending upon the amount of nourishment and the nutritional content requirement and availability of seedlings,the nutrient contents of feeds and fodders on the basis of soil composition, use of manures and fertilizers on the land, irrigation facilities, stage and speed of growth frequency of cutting the variety and strain of feed resources are determined. It needs watering and removal of unwanted weeds for some months and the plant needs no further caring. They grow by themselves. These plants are mostly rain-fed and have no other economical or aesthetic values as such and hence, these can be used only exclusively for fodder cultivation. The tree branches, leaves, twigs, shrubs, legume plant bodies used for feed can either be cut and harvest either from time to time when required or they may also be cut and stored in fodder storages for the winter months when other sources of feed are scarce or during the planting season (Asar) when labor is scarce.

Natural / human environment: We need not to create any human or artificial environment for cultivation. The trees grow naturally and create a pleasant environment in nature. Sometimes, for crop fodder cultivation, agricultural lands may come in use. For example, in maize crop used as fodder supplement, the main plots were sown with maize varieties, and the subplots were cutting of added rows of maize after different days after sowing. Thus, young maize plants were cut before drying out in the sun and may be used as fodder. Tropical grass species and improved grasses and legumes are also introduced in barren terrace landscape during the off season after harvesting.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

It is a traditional method. The analysis corresponds to farmers’ preference of fodder tree species to their nutritional values. The traditional and experience-based choice of fodders species by farmers reflects their knowledge on nutritional values, cultivation easiness and seasonal variability of growth in local environments has been the basis of fodder cultivation in Nepal.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

major cash crop: Coffee
major food crop: Paddy and fodder
other: Maize

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, landslide, decreased fertility, over compaction of soil
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Flooding during heavy rainfall, landslides

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Also rainfed and full irrigation

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

• use of wasteland for agriculture

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, management measures
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, aligned: -along boundary

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Before fodder cultivation), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Landslide)
Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (People left land unfit for cultivation completely barren and without any vegetation at all causing top soil erosion), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Before this technology people depend upon forest), overgrazing (Result in desertification, irreversible loss of to soil, increase in turbidity of surface water and increase in flooding intensity and frequency), change of seasonal rainfall (Many areas that were set aside for rain fed agriculture become waste land due to drastic change in rainfall pattern.), floods (Mass movement landslide), droughts (Affects cultivation), poverty / wealth (The resource poor have to depend upon the natural environment for the fodder requirements and need to take their livestock for grazing in whatever grassland areas available causing soil degradation), education, access to knowledge and support services (most people do not know about conservation measures), governance / institutional (No govermental supports)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Rupees

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

97.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Plantation of the fodder plants in barren wastelands	Spring(Chaitra-Baisakh)
2.	Cutting of the twigs, branches, legumes, crops and grasses	Throughout the year
3.	Enrichment planting of tree seedling
4.	Introduction of higher quality feed species

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Plantation of the fodder plants in barren wastelands	persons/day/ha	51.0	500.0	25500.0	100.0
劳动力	Cutting of the twigs, branches, legumes, crops and grasses	persons/day	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
劳动力	Enrichment planting of tree seedling	persons/day/ha	51.0	500.0	25500.0	100.0
劳动力	Introduction of higher quality feed species	persons/day/ha	10.0	98.03	980.3
设备	Spade	pieces	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	Tools	pieces	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings	pieces/ha	200.0	600.0	120000.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings	pieces/ha	200.0	25.0	5000.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	pieces/ha	200.0	25.0	5000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost / manure	kg/ha	5.0	750.0	3750.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	new Compost/manure	kg/ha	100.0	300.0	30000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					217430.3
技术建立总成本，美元					2241.55

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Watering the seedlings	Till 2 to 3 month after plantation
2.	Manuring	Till 2 to 3 month

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Watering the seedlings	persons/day/ha	2.0	200.0	400.0	100.0
设备	Pipes and buckets	pieces/ha	2.0	200.0	400.0	100.0
植物材料	Manuring	kg/2m	1.0	300.0	300.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					1100.0
技术维护总成本，美元					11.34

注释:

Machinery/ tools: axe, spade, plough

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Tthe labour and the cost for seeding. The manure requried is prepared naturally

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: The local people find the soil moderately deep
Soil fertility is medium, since people use compost manure for croping
Topsoil organic matter: Compost manure are used to increase organic matter
Soil drainage / infiltration is good because of sandy soils
Soil water storage capacity is medium - low, since sandy soils can not store water well. Also no ground water is found.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Availability of surface water: Flooding occors during monsoon. Normally people depend on surface water for irrigation.
Water quality (untreated): People directly drink

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 6%
5% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land (Living standred more than average).
90% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land (Average life standred).
5% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land (Below average).
Market orientation of production system: There is a market for coffee.
Level of mechanization: Oxes are used for ploughing

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

注释:

The plant species to be planted should be chosen according to the environmental condition in different seasons

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Fodder plants do not need further maintainence and up keeping after they have been allowed to gow. Most are annual and some grasses are perennial. In the long term, the initial costs are duly covered and yield major economic benifits.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

9 percent of stated area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: every one uses their own land and do on their own
100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: as the village lies in hilly region there are many sloppy lands applicable for plantation of fodders.
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: every villagers find it effective as the waste land is also utilized and in addition productivity is also increased.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
decrease in waste as animals fees almost all
increase in number of animal husbandary
Stall-feeding has been encouraged
Availabitlity of fodder even during harsh winter when there is scarcity of forage plants and during harvest season when there is lack of labour

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This technology has been able to manage and utilize the waste land
the livestock production has increased by which they develop economic status
barren lands and to soil erosion along with increase in turbulence of surface water leading to flooding has decreased which occurred due to over grazing
The biomass and productivity of the ecosystem has improved due to introduction of new species in barren land

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The trees do not grow fast enough to reap benefits faster	Trees and other legumes and grasses which have high growth rates should be planted
The fodder species are planted on communal wastelands so there are arguments if somebody takes more forage then others	Communal properties should be equally distributed and a managing body must be present
The production from the fodder plantation is never enough for the whole year	Along with wastelands and marginal uncultivable lands, crop fodder production can be done (like maize) even during the plantation of cash and food crops to ensure a year round supply

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
people may find difficulties in cutting tall trees	use shrubs, and herbs for plantation
Since it a common property, the use and negligence in management of common properties may eventually lead its failure	fodder plants do not need looking after very much but proper management of the forage resource by everyone involved must be done
Traditionally used crops have been used till now which may not have the highest nutrient content and qualitative feed	Proper research needs to be done to identify the plants best suited for that climate and topography and which have the highest nutritional content to improve production of livestock
Barren lands are often used for recreational purposes like for games by kids and hence protection of young plants may be difficult	For the few months of plantation care should be insured for their survival

7.1 信息的方法/来源