技术

Productive use of the riparian area using Napier grass and protection of the riverbank with indigenous trees at Kapingazi River [肯尼亚]

technologies_1558 - 肯尼亚

完整性: 78%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
土地使用者:

Nyaga Robinson

肯尼亚

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A riparian area that is frequently flooded requires a special treatment because conventional agriculture is not possible. Trees along the riverbank and Napier grass on the remaining space still allow a productive use despite the difficult circumstances.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

On the southeastern slopes of Mt. Kenya, the circumstances are ideal for agricultural activities, the rains are plenty and normally reliable. The plot owner started realizing a problem of riverbank degradation 17 years ago. But still he continued the traditional way of agriculture, planting beans and maize. Since his plot is on the slip-off slope only few metres above the river level, it experienced regular floods in case of heavy rainfalls, destroying the plants and leading to crop failures. Conventional plants like maize and beans do not resist such an excess of water. To fight the land loss and the bad harvest, the farmer introduced indigenous trees along the river and Napier fighting the riverbank degradation. Behind that, several rows of the flood resistant Napier grass were planted to still use the area in a productive way.

Purpose of the Technology: Above all, the goal of this technology is to get a high grass production. As a side effect results a quite good protection of the riparian area. The vegetation prevents rainwater from running directly from the fields into the water. Therefore, the chemicals from the field get stuck in the riparian soils and don't pollute the river. In the same way the infiltration in the riparian enlarges the total infiltration since the water would go to the river directly. Especially the raw surface of the riparian allows more infiltration and interception storage of water. This surplus of stored water is able to provide river water for a longer period, when rains are humble for a longer period. In case of floods, the increased infiltration potential can cut the peak flow and thus prevent damages. The grass yield is used as a fodder for the cows.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Before planting the indigenous trees, water guzzlers like eucalyptus trees were cut down. Indigenous seedlings were planted right along the river at a distance of 1 m. Behind the tree row, Napier grass is planted and harvested twice a year. The cutting and harvesting of the grass is done regularly such that animals can be provided with fodder every day. As soon as the trees are big enough, they function as a source of fire wood, they can be pruned every 5 months.

Natural / human environment: The studied plot is situated between the tea and the coffee zone at an elevation of 1663 m.a.s.l. This small-scale farm does not produce tea nor coffee, there is mainly subsistence agricultural production and some few products are sold on the market. Rainfall is reliable and ensures a regular production.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

肯尼亚

区域/州/省:

Kenya/Eastern Province

有关地点的进一步说明:

Embu

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果技术均匀分布在一个区域,则指定覆盖的区域(单位为平方千米):

0.00075

如果不知道精确的区域,请注明大致覆盖的区域:
  • < 0.1 平方千米(10 公顷)
注释:

The area along the river is very small, namely 750 m2.

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过土地使用者的创新
注释(项目类型等):

Farmer asked neighbours for advice.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 改良生产

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 农林牧业

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 乔木与灌木的种植
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 饲料作物 - 草
  • Grevillea, Mutundu, Miburu, Mulinga (cf. Moringa oleifera), Mugumo
每年的生长季节数:
  • 2
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 90 Longest growing period from month to month: march to may Second longest growing period in days: 90 Second longest growing period from month to month: october to december

牧场

牧场

集约放牧/饲料生产:
  • 收割和携带/零放牧
  • cows
森林/林地

森林/林地

注释:

Main animal species and products: Cows are living on the farm. The farmer carries the fodder to the stall.
Trees/ shrubs species: Grevillea, Mutundu, Miburu, Mulinga, Mugumo
Grass species: Napier Grass

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The excessive water on the plot hinders conventional agriculture and the floods lead to riverbank degradation.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The land plot is situated right beside the river and is less than a metre above the river. Flood destroyed regularly the harvest of maize or french beans. Parts of the riparian have been removed.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Livestock density (if relevant): > 100 LU /km2

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?:
  • 是(请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题)
农田

农田

  • 一年一作

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养
注释:

Water supply: Also post-flooding

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
  • V2:草和多年生草本植物
注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary, scattered / dispersed

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wr:河岸侵蚀
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Hp:地表水水质下降
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wr: riverbank erosion, Hp: decline of surface water quality

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, floods (The floods are mostly responsible for the riverbank degradation and destroy conventionally cultivated crops.)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), population pressure, land tenure (By law the riparian should be protected. The land owner uses it in a productive way.), poverty / wealth

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

A tree row is aligned directly beside the riverbed with a spacing of 1m. Directly behind the trees, Napier grass is planted up to a width of 15m. Adjacent to the Napier grass, there is cropland.

Location: Manyatta. Embu West / Eastern Province

Date: 28.12.2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase of biomass (quantity)

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: G : grass
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.8
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.8

Trees/ shrubs species: Grevillea, Mutundu, Miburu, Mulinga, Mugumo

Grass species: Napier Grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 0%

作者:

Manuel Fischer

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:
  • 每个技术单元
具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元
注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

3.33

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Chopping bad trees anytime
2. Tree planting rainy season
3. Planting of Napier grass Beginning of rainy season

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Chopping bad trees Persons/day 2.5 3.2 8.0 100.0
劳动力 Tree planting Persons/day 5.0 3.6 18.0 100.0
劳动力 Planting of Napier grass Persons/day 2.0 2.75 5.5 100.0
植物材料 Seedling Pieces 70.0 0.114285 8.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 39.5
技术建立总成本,美元 39.5
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.3 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Adding manure 2 times a month
2. Harvest of Napier 2 times per year after rainy season
3. Pruning

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Adding manure Persons/day 0.2 2.25 0.45 100.0
劳动力 Harvest of Napier Persons/day 2.0 3.3333 6.67 100.0
劳动力 Prunning Persons/day 2.0 3.25 6.5 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 13.62
技术维护总成本,美元 13.62
注释:

Machinery/ tools: Jembe (Hacke), Panga (Machete)

The plot is situated right at the riverside and gets flooded regularly. 70 trees were planted along the river in one row. The area of the Napier grass is approximately 750m2 big, harvest is two times a year. Costs were calculated in 2012.
The costs per hectare were calculated for a riparian area with a length of 100m and a width of 10m, since hectares are difficult to apply on a riparian context. The determinant factor for the costs is labour and the area of the plot. The required equipment like a spade is available on nearly every farm or can be borrowed from neighbours and is thus not added to the costs.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
指定年平均降雨量(若已知),单位为mm:

1703.00

注明所考虑的参考气象站名称:

source: http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9291

农业气候带
  • 半湿润

Thermal climate class: tropics. http://www.levoyageur.net/weather-city-EMBU.html

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
说明该技术是否专门应用于:
  • 凹陷情况
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 1668 m a.s.l., source: aster gdem

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture (topsoil): It is called Murram

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

< 5米

地表水的可用性:

水质(未处理):

不良饮用水(需要处理)

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
  • 中等
关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Species diversity: Also low

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
性别:
  • 女人
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Market orientation of production system: Family of 10 children

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,未命名
土地使用权:
  • 个人
用水权:
  • 个人
注释:

Abstractions are controlled by the local Water Resource Users association (WRUA), but everybody can take water by hand.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加

饲料生产

降低
增加

畜牧生产

降低
增加

生产故障风险

增加
降低
收入和成本

收入来源的多样性

降低
增加
其它社会经济效应

Fuelwood production through pruning

decreased
increased

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

生态影响

水循环/径流

水质

降低
增加
土壤

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良
生物多样性:植被、动物

植物多样性

降低
增加

栖息地多样性

降低
增加
其它生态影响

Stabilization of riverbank

reduced
improved

Infiltration

decreased
increased

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

旱季稳定可靠的水流

减少
增加

下游淤积

增加
降低

地下水/河流污染

增加
减少

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨
局地风暴
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱 不好
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
缩短生长期

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

消极

长期回报:

积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

消极

长期回报:

积极

注释:

Establishment and maintenance costs are quite low.

6.5 技术采用

  • 单例/实验
在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 91-100%
注释:

15% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The knowledge is spreading and people acknowledge the benefits.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Protection of the riverbank and reduced riverbank erosion.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular management of riparian trees by replacing dead trees with new ones.
Productive function of the Napier grass in terms of fodder and of the trees in terms of pruning for fire wood.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Careful use of the trees and the grass enables a sustainable use of the plants.
No more crop failures.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? One should only cultivate plants that can cope with the local excess or scarcity of water.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Riverbank stabilisation due to the plantation of trees.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? A good idea would be to establish a second row of trees along the river and thus enlarging the number of trees and their positive effects on riverbank stabilisation and filtering of the runoff.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
After the harvest of the Napier, the land is bare and vulnerable to erosion. Instead of cutting the whole plot at once, only a quarter of the Napier grass should be cut at once. So that the land is not completely vulnerable to rain.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

模块