1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Society for Community Development in Cambodia (SOFDEC) - 柬埔寨

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Local Agricultural Research and Extension Centre (LAREC) - 柬埔寨

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Living fences of cashew, reinforced with bamboo and/or barbed wire, are used to keep the cattle off the garden or the rice seedbed.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Cashews (Anacardium occidentale) are fast growing, waterlogging tolerant tropical trees that can be used as living fences. The cashews act as fence posts, and are reinforced with bamboo poles and/or barbed wire. The living fences are used to either fence cattle into fields or fence them off, usually around the house. The fenced areas can be planted during the dry season. Without fences, the cattle are free roaming and use to destroy the crops.

Besides fencing the cattle, the purposes of cashew living fences are the production of nuts and fruits, fuel, and soil enhancer. The nuts are sold, but there is no market for the fruits, thus they are fed to cattle or let to rot. The wood is used to cook or to produce charcoal; the ash is added to the compost. The leaves are gathered as well and added to the compost.

Although cashews can stand waterlogged conditions, they prefer a well-drained soil. Thus a small berm is built up on the emplacement of the fence, and sown with cashew seeds spaced from 0.5 to 3 m. Cashews grow faster when directly sown than when transplanted. The spacing varies according to the farmers’ purpose. If a higher production of nuts is intended, the spacing is wider; if the fence is more important, the plants are grown closer. Cattle do not eat the leaves and branches, thus do not need protection from grazing. One year after sowing the cashews, the trees are tall enough to act as fence posts and support bamboo pole as well as barbed wire. The bamboo is either gathered from the wild or grown in the fields and home gardens. The bamboo is fixed to the living posts with natural fibers/vines or old clothes, and has to be replaced every two to three years to withstand cattle.

The analysed area is flat (slope < 2%), with a tropical climate (dry season from November to May and wet season from June to October), and the soils are mostly sandy or loamy. The soil has a low fertility, contains little organic matter, and acidifies. The area has been deforested a long time ago, and the groundwater table is rather high (1-2 m during the dry season, on the surface during wet season).
Due to climate change, farmers notice more erratic rainfalls, temperature rises and more recurrent droughts. Rice is the predominant crop grown in the area, since it serves as staple food (mix subsistence and commercial activities). Cattle are usually grazing on the fields after the harvest, without much control. Thus the cattle grazes too often and too much on the same spot, leading to degradation.
The increasing migration rate (the young generation leaves the villages to work in the cities, garment industry or abroad) results in a decrease of available labour force in the area which has detrimental effects on the agricultural activities. Furthermore, the civil war in the 1970s (Khmer Rouge) led to the loss of agricultural knowledge. Several NGOs are trying to re-establish the knowledge.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 林牧业

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Overgrazing, low soil fertility, sandy soils, monocultures, soil left bare after ploughing, wind and dust storms.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low soil fertility, water scarcity, droughts.

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Longest growing period in days: 210, Longest growing period from month to month: June to December
Livestock density: 25-50 LU /km2

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农畜综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Plowing of soil, then left bare), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Mainly annuals (rice) planted in monocultures.), overgrazing (Uncontrolled grazing.), labour availability (Little labour availability, mainly due to work in garment industry)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Building small bound to sow the cashews.	Dry season, before sowing
2.	Sowing cashews on the bounds	Beginning of rainy season
3.	Gathering bamboo in the forest, building the fence

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labour		1.0	17.5	17.5	100.0
设备	tools		1.0	12.0	12.0	100.0
设备	barbed wire		1.0	21.0	21.0	100.0
植物材料	seeds		1.0	1.0	1.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					51.5
技术建立总成本，美元					51.5

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Gathering bamboo in the forest, building the fence	Every 2-3 years

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labour		1.0	3.0	3.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					3.0
技术维护总成本，美元					3.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Hoe, hatchet.
The costs were calculated for 100 m of living fence, with 2 stripes of barbed wires. The barbed wire is not necessary if enough labour and bamboo is available but makes it easier to keep the cattle fenced and requires less maintenance than bamboo poles.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The costs are most determined by the availability of bamboo. If it is not grown in the garden, it has to be gathered in the forest that is related to time consuming transportation. Or barbed wire has to be purchased.
Note: The time used to gather the leaves for the compost or to cut the branches to make charcoal/ash as soil amendment was not included in the recurrent activities as these activities are neither related to the main purpose of living fences nor done by all the farmers applying this technology.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

During wet seasons

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
Off-farm income specification: handicraft, remittances and factory work

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

注释:

Land users have a title that is not recognized by the state.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
15 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support. These 15 families all live in this specific village. However, the technology is applied elsewhere as well.
A few years ago, one farmer could sell the cashew apples. Now there is an overproduction on the market.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Cattle are fenced in or off. The cattle do not enter the home gardens of the neighbours and cannot escape on the rice fields.
Branches can be used as firewood or to make charcoal, and the leaves can be used as compost
Production of fruits and nuts.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reduced wind speed.
Bioremediation of groundwater.
Increased soil cover.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Shading of crops nearby.	Cut back the cashews since they are pollarding trees. However, this will drastically reduce the fruit production.
Root competition with other trees.	Plant next to shallow rooted crops.
No more market for cashew apples as there is an overproduction.	Process as wine or dry. Can also be fed to cattle.

7.1 信息的方法/来源