1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Direct drill (no-till) for arable cropping systems. Crop establishment with minimum soil disturbance.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology is applied in Braila region and is located in north-eastern part of Romanian Plain. It has an agricultural area of 387,646 ha (of which 350,001 ha are arable land), and has specific geomorphologic, hydrological and climatic conditions which need to use ameliorative agricultural systems. Within Braila County are distinguished the following relief units: Calmatui Plain, part of the Braila Plain (51% from County area) and the Floodplains of Danube (Big Island of Braila), Siret, Buzau and Calmatui rivers (49% from County area).
Braila Plain is characterized by a specific micro-relief of Baragan type with large floodplains, poorly fragmented, with altitudes ranging between 20-25 m in the east part and 35-40 m to the west part, with soils mainly of chernozem type, formed on loess and loess deposits and which shows numerous small depression areas. Floodplains, areas adjacent to Danube, Siret, Buzau and Calmatui rivers are located at lower altitudes, ranging between 2-4 m and 13-15 m and are characterized by the presence of alluvial soils formed on river-limnic and alluvial deposits, with alternating of layers with different textures. According to United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Braila County is located in arid region with an average annual temperature of 10.9°C, long-term average annual precipitations (P) of 447 mm, potential evapotranspiration (ETP) of 705 mm (750-800 mm in dry years) and an average climatic water deficit of 258 mm (350-400 mm in dry years). The biophysical aridity index (P/ETP = 0.50-0.65) places the Braila region in area with moderate risk to desertification. Both intensive and extensive farming systems are practiced within Braila County. Intensive agriculture, characterized by high inputs and yield levels, is realized on large vegetal farms. On the other hand, extensive agriculture, with low input and yield levels, is practiced by farmers on small vegetal farms, and is so-called the semi-subsistent agriculture.
The direct drill (no-till) conservative tillage technology is an agronomic measure. It is practiced on medium to large size farms (from around 50 ha to more than 1000 ha) within the North-Eastern part of the Romanian Plain. Over the past years some farmers have changed their farming system from conventional to conservative. The main element of the technology is that the farmers use special agricultural machinery for direct seeding, and other tillage operations from conventional system, such as ploughing and disking, are not performed anymore. Also, under no-till farming system, the soil surface remains covered on 30% with plant residues from the pre-emergent crop.
The main purpose of the technology is to mitigate soil structure degradation due to less tillage passes on the land. The technology is applied on arable land with annual crops. The farmers have begun to adopt this technology due to reduction in fuel consumption and working hours. For this reason, the technology has economic advantages. The no-tillage system requires a special direct seeding machine, and this can be expensive. So, most of the farmers don't buy it on their own, but they rent the seeding machine from other farmers.
In the land user's view, the strengths of the technology are as follows: reduced fuel consumption, improved soil water regime and tillage of larger field areas with less personnel and less trafficability and workability. In addition, the weaknesses of the technology reported by the land user might be: difficulties in weeds and pests control due to spread of straw-borne diseases which can be countered by in-depth knowledge of biocides, and high investment costs for equipment purchase which can be met by application for non-reimbursable funds or renting the equipment from other farmers or agricultural contractors.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

罗马尼亚

区域/州/省:

Braila

有关地点的进一步说明:

Braila

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果不知道精确的区域，请注明大致覆盖的区域:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

Documentation of the technology is based on examination of field plots smaller than 0.1 km2.

Map

×

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology was firstly implemented in the early 2000's and described by the Agricultural Research and Development Station of Braila (ARDS Braila) which is subordinated to the Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. The station ARDS Braila conducts research and development in the following subjects: irrigation systems, agricultural technologies and improvement and reclamation of salted soils.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

• 一年一作

年作 - 具体指明作物:

• 谷类 - 大麦
• 谷物类 - 玉米
• 谷类 - 小麦（冬季）

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

注释:

Main crops (cash and food crops): winter wheat, winter barley, spring barley, maize

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 最小的土壤扰动

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

• A3：土壤表面处理

A3：区分耕作制度:

A 3.1：免耕

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

物理性土壤退化

• Pc：压实

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

The technology is done by special agricultural machinery for direct seeding, and other tillage operations from conventional system, such as ploughing and disking, are not performed anymore. In addition, the fertilizers are applied at the same pass. Also, under no-till farming system, the soil surface remains covered on 30% with plant residues from the pre-emergent crop. The main purpose of the technology is to mitigate soil structure degradation due to less tillage passes on the land.
The direct seeding machinery is equipped with rotary cleaners designed to prevent the seeds being placed without direct soil contact.
Direct sowing combined with 5-10 cm deep fertilization provides plant nutrients from the very first stages of their development leading to higher productivity. Fertilizers placed at 15-30 cm deep stimulate the roots to grow and provide the necessary nutrients throughout the growing season. This applies even in periods of drought since nutrients are absorbed in deep layers.

作者:

National Research and Development Institute for Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Environment (ICPA) - Romania

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

4.12

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

No initial investment needed, as for the machinery land users are working with agricultural contractors from the neighboring area or other land users that own the equipment.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Costs are mostly affected by input costs (e.g. seeds, biocides). Costs do not include investment in the special agricultural machinery for direct seeding because the farmers rely on borrowing/leasing the equipment from other land users or agricultural contractors from the neighboring area.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The technology was firstly implemented by the Agricultural Research and Development Station of Braila.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

One land user has implemented the technology voluntary.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

"Lucrarea conservativa a solului intre traditie si perspectiva in agricultura durabila" (Conservative tillage of soil between tradition and perspective in sustainable agriculture), Elisabeta Dumitru et. al., 2005, ISBN 973-86587-9-9.