1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Working on Ecosystems (Natural Resource Management Programmes – DEA, South Africa)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

SMC Synergy (SMC Synergy) - 南非

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The restoration of the thicket biome in the Eastern Cape is assisted by planting ‘spekboom’ (elephant bush) (Portulacaria afra), an indigenous succulent plant within contour lines/riplines on degraded hillslopes. The increased vegetation cover reduces runoff and soil loss.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Due to severe land degradation over many decades of goat farming, the restoration of the so-called ‘thicket biome’ is taking place on a large scale in the Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve and Camdeboo National Park in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The restoration projects have been introduced in parts of the thicket biome that receive 350 to 500 mm annual average rainfall. The main direct cause of degradation is overgrazing/browsing by goats (Boer and Angora) over the past 100 years. The overutilization of vegetation occurs mainly on valley bottoms and footslopes in mountainous areas where relatively fertile soils occur. This has resulted in large expanses of open vegetation canopy under which a high degree of runoff occurs - and subsequent soil loss leading to increased sediment loads in downstream drainage systems. The thicket biome vegetation (especially spekboom) is well known for its ability to sequester large amounts of carbon and therefore help towards mitigating climate change. The improved vegetation cover also contributes towards an increase in biodiversity, and therefore has a positive impact on tourism also. Establishment of spekboom in riplines can be used in combination with other technologies e.g. brush packing (laying cut bush on the soil surface), silt fences (low barriers across the slope) or fibre rolls. This technology can be employed in any similar semi-arid environment to restore degraded catchments - using locally appropriate plant species.
After identification of sites to be rehabilitated, this is followed by the identification of suitable sources of plant material for transplantation at the rehabilitation areas. In the case of the project in the Eastern Cape, spekboom cuttings of 30 to 50 cm in length were taken from existing stands, then left for one to two weeks in the sun to dry slightly before being transplanted in the rehabilitation sites. Care must be taken not to over-harvest healthy spekboom stands - not more than 30% should be removed.
Riplines need to be created along the contour by means of mechanisation or manual labour. Riplines should be between 3 and 10 meter apart - depending on the slope (closer on steep slopes) - 10 to 20 cm deep and just wide enough to plant the spekboom cuttings to a depth of at least 10 cm. Cuttings are planted between 15 to 20 cm apart within the ripline, so as to form a continuous barrier/sediment trap along the contour. The ripline promotes water infiltration into the rootzone of the cuttings. Cuttings need to be firmed-in with soil dug from the ripline. Watering the spekboom after planting is recommended – if possible. Brush packing (brush packing with thorny biomass to prevent grazing and provide a micro-climate for grass seed to germinate and establish) between riplines with local woody material (if available locally, and preferably thorny branches) is recommended to provide protection against grazing and to create a micro-climate for vegetation growth. In between riplines, silt fences or fibre rolls can be used to slow water runoff and to trap sediment. Maintenance includes the replanting of cuttings where mortality occurred.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2010

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

Research conducted by P Burdett at Camdeboo National Park.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 减缓气候变化及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Main animal species and products: Various game species.

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Livestock density: Only wildlife - low density

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 集水
• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Overgrazing by goats over the past 100 years – land has been purchased from private landowners since 1987.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Rand

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

12.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Creation of riplines (unskilled manual labour)	during wet season
2.	Collection of Spekboom cuttings	during wet season
3.	Transport of cuttings to planting site	during wet season
4.	Planting of cuttings in riplines	during wet season
5.	Watering of cuttings	during wet season

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Unskilled labour (including transport)	per day	20.0	240.0	4800.0	100.0
设备	Picks, spades, wheel barrow, bow saw and pruning shears (renting equipment)	per day	20.0	20.0	400.0	100.0
植物材料	Planting material is free
植物材料	Planting material is free
其它	Management (including transport)	per day	2.0	600.0	1200.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					6400.0
技术建立总成本，美元					533.33

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Replant cuttings where mortality occurs	6 to 8 months after planting

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Replanting of cuttings (unskilled labour - including transport)	per day	10.0	240.0	2400.0	100.0
其它	Management (including transport)	per day	1.0	600.0	600.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					3000.0
技术维护总成本，美元					250.0

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Soil hardness, labour cost and distance to rehabilitation site.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

High sodium content in the parent sedimentary rock

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Rehabilitation mainly on State-owned conservation areas - can be replicated on private land.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

• Conservation areas

• Conservation areas

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The cumulative effect of large areas planted with Spekboom will have a huge offsite impact especially after a few years.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
年降雨量		减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地雷暴	非常好
局地雹灾	不好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
寒潮	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	适度

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

Improved planting techniques

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Planting of cuttings with established roots from the mother plant and creation of small notches a the cutting to stimulate root growth.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
A long-term cost-effective technique to rehabilitate badly degraded thicket vegetation.
Creates temporary work for poor local communities.
Reduces sediment load in streams and rivers.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Spekboom sequesters large quantities of carbon and therefore contributes over the long term to climate change mitigation.
Downstream benefits on water quality.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Labour intensive - not viable if not subsidised by Government.	Reduce manual labour - mechanise the creation of riplines.
Newly established spekboom stands vulnerable to browsing.	Fence rehabilitated areas.
Newly established spekboom stands vulnerable to drought and frost.	Timing of planting in wet/warm season

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Spekboom foundation

URL:

http://www.spekboomfoundation.co.za/about.html