1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Land Development Department (Land Development Department) - 泰国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

This continuous bench terrace with 3 meters base in slopping highland constructed at Plot 2000 for Chinese tea plantation. Such conservation measure can decrease soil erosion and runoff, and this slopping area can use for agriculture and increase land users products and income.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Utilization of continuous bench terrace (3 meters based) as sustainable soil and water conservation measure for tea plantation in slopping area of the northern Thailand

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The continuous bench terrace (forward-sloping terrace) as soil and water conservation measure in the high landscape at Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station, Moo 5, Mae Ngon subdistrict, Fang district, Chiang Mai province was constructed in 1999 in the area of former winter fruit plantation plot of the station. Land Development Department had surveyed, designed and constructed the 3 meters wide of continuous bench terrace, which it is suitable for the tea cultivation and total area is approximately 100 rai. The Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station had selected 50 households of Palaung hill tribe who have more ability and aptitude to grow Chinese tea to participate in the Chinese tea development and promotion project in 2000 and named this area as "Plot 2000". The overview of this area is complex mountainous terrain with slope range 16-30 percent, and average attitude is 1,400 meters above sea level. The soil texture is silty loam and very deep (more tan 1.2 meter), almost well drained soil. The soil organic matter is moderate around 1-3 percent. Moreover, the data of Doi Ang Khang Meteorological Station (Station Code 48302) is located at average attitude 1,529 meters above the sea level, and average temperature throughout the year is 22.9 Celsius with the highest temperature is 32.1 Celsius (during May) and the lowest temperature is 3.9 Celsius (during December), and average annual rainfall is 1,925.3 mm, with rain starting from April to October.
In the past, the watershed areas in northern Thailand have been disturbed by natural disasters, climate change, and human threats. The hill tribe people had invaded the forest to grow opium and shifting cultivation continuously. These condition caused the serious problem in soil erosion, runoff with soil surface, lose of topsoil and plant nutrients, decreasing in soil fertility and productivity with the extremely damage to upstream forest ecosystem. Until in the year 1969, Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station was established from the initiative of His Majesty King Rama 9, which aimed to conduct research on the planting of winter economic crops as an example for hill tribe to plant those crops as their career instead of opium cultivation, and also stop cutting and shifting cultivation. Nowadays there are more than 50 species of economic plants in this project and generating more income for land users, more than that this slopping area is the sustainable in land use and land management under organization of the Royal Project Foundation.
The benefits this technology is important in sustainable utilization of land resources in this area, and all land users around the Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station have stable and more income because they can grow Chinese tea and also other winter economic crops on this highland throughout the year. Moreover, this continuous bench terrace is more convenient for land users in fertilizer application, soil improvement, machines operation, tea harvesting and also yield transportation from cultivated plots to local processing factory.
The impact of implementation continuous bench terrace with 3 meters based:
1. The obvious economic and social impacts of land users are the stability of income from the production of Chinese tea, which are produced throughout the year. This conservation is more convenient for land users to implement in their plot and also transport from cultivated plots to local processing factory. The local officers from Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station and others government agencies closely advised and guided breeding, planting, soil management, harvesting and price guarantee.
2. The environmental and ecological impact is to reduce the amount of runoff and soil sediment, increase soil moisture, preserve soil nutrients and fertility, encourage biodiversity in the area of Plot 2000.
3. The society and culture impact is all ethnic groups are given the opportunity to receive the allocation of arable land according to the group of plants that they are comfortable and want to produce. Thus respecting the use of land in zoning as allocated from the station, including right to use water. These caused the strength of community institutions, where they have various crop production groups, organic fertilizer production Group and others. They are all member of the cooperative of the community.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1999

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The Royal Project implement in the upstream forest area and emphasize to promote and encourage career of hilltribe land users around AngKhang Agricultural Station. Moreover, the continuous bench terrace is introduced in this high slope area to prevent and conserve soil and water resources, reduce soil erosion and runoff.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Palaung hill tribe will plant Chinese tea on this area in late rainy season, about August to October because after planting root of tea would grow well in the cool condition and do not face problems like during the rainy season. The trimming will be about 10-12 months before planting. spacing between row is 1.2 meter and between tree is 60 centimeters. There are about 2,200 trees per Rai.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

注释:

-

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

The land use in this area is Chinese tea in Plot 2000, with 2 species, namely soft stalks and variety no.12, This area is mainly rain fed together with spraying system. And water supply system is in the upper part of the area and distribute to tea plot by PVC pipe and set springier cover over this plot. however, this water system is high cost but it is worthwhile.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The continuous bench terrace technology is suitable soil and water conservation in slopping area,where is the upper part of watershed in the National Reserved Forest area. This technology need knowledge and expertise in construction of conservation measure with high investment and more maintenance. That means government and private sector should support in construction and land users should maintain of bench terrace and take care in soil fertility.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Soil resources in this area is degraded by deforestation and climate changes, where it is risk in runoff and soil erosion. In this case plant nutrients in soil surface and sediment is removed to the low part, soil fertility is decreased, and ecosystem in upstream forest is degraded.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

In 1999, the Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station cooperated with Land Development Department construct the continuous bench terrace and soil improvement in this steep slope area to prevent soil erosion and runoff. Moreover, the Royal Irrigation Department support water supply system and the Provincial Electricity Authority support electricity services.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Baht

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

15448.6

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Survey, select the area and design conservation measure	the first year (1998)
2.	set up contour line for terrace	the first year (1998)
3.	construct bench terrace	before of rainy season 1999
4.	Vetiver grass plantation on the terrace	early of rainy season 1999
5.	Chinese tea plantation	in rainy season, Aug-Oct 2000
6.	Fertilizer application 3 times	Feb, Jun and Oct
7.	Water application	throughout the planting period
8.	Fertilizer application	throughout the planting period
9.	Harvest	harvesting period
10.	Maintenance bench terrace	in dry season, April

注释:

-

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	site survey 1 day	man	0.5	175.82	87.91
劳动力	set up contour line 1 day	man	4.0	175.82	703.28
劳动力	vetiver planting (400 slips x 8 rows)	slip	3200.0	1.65	5280.0
劳动力	man power (2.4 cu.m./m.)	cu.m.	88.0	100.88	8877.44
设备	machine power (2.4 cu.m./m.)	cu.m.
设备	pin wood	unit	100.0	5.0	500.0
植物材料	vetiver slip (LDD supported)	None	3200.0
技术建立所需总成本					15448.63
技术建立总成本，美元					1.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Land Development Department by Center of land development for Royal Project supported the budget by conduct the bench terrace in this area.

注释:

-

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	maintain and repair bench terrace	in dry season 3-5 years/time

注释:

In the case of bench terrace are not so much damaged, and size of rill is around 5-20 cm. wide and not very deep. Most of the land users usually repair that terrace by themselves during the dry season.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	man power to repair the terrace	man	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					500.0
技术维护总成本，美元					0.03

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

All maintenance cost of bench terrace are supported by Center of Land Development for Royal Project, Land Development Department.

注释:

Center of Land Development for Royal Project, Land Development Department directly cooperated with the Royal Project.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

construction of continuous bench terrace and maintenance cost, which it is all invested by government sector, Land Development Department.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

This technology is used in slope 20-35% , slope complex and slope more than 35%.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station is directly respond covered 16,577 rai, with 5 main villages, namely Ban Nala, Ban Rim, Ban Pang Ma, Ban Khum, and Ban Luang. Total population is 3,929 people. The overall landscape is slope complex in mountain range surrounded by a pan-shaped basin. This agricultural area is promoted the hill tribe community to grow winter crops. The general condition of this area is pine forest and evergreen forest. The attitude is 1,400 meters above the sea level. Most of soil series are Ban Luang Series. Soil loamy soil. Angkhang Series is a soil formed by limestone, rock, shell, shale. The overall soil condition is good structure, but almost highland with high slope and acidic condition (pH 4.5-6.0).

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

In the past, there was no soil and water conservation measure, where soil erosion and severe runoff is occurred when it has heavy rain, especially during the rainy season. Soil surface was transported to the lower part, where organic matter and plant nutrients lost from this area and small rill and deep groove is formed in the upper part. Moreover such soil sediment in runoff accumulated in the channel and natural reservoir.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

In Plot 2000 can observe several insects in both of predators and parasitic insects such as dragonflies, beetles, turtles, striped mungs, ants, also earthworm and others.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

All land users and their family members worked in their land such as tea leaves harvest, weed control, fertilizer application, tea planting, trimming and others, which they would not prefer to hire workers.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

具体说明:

-

注释:

All land users in this area would not right in land ownership but they have right to use these land for agricultural purposes. And Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station separated and allocated these land for selected land users and also land zoning for fruit trees, Vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants and others.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

They have cooperative activity to support investment and production costs such as fertilizers, bio-pesticides, pesticides and others.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

almost land users have been continuously advised in tea plantation and organic farming by local officers of the Station.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

-

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	非常好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
滑坡	好

注释:

-

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Land users no need to pay any expenses. So the construction of bench terrace as 3 m. basement is set up by the Royal Project for Land Development Center.

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

In Plot 2000 , They have 39 members who cultivated tea and medicinal plants in this bench terrace.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

This bench terrace need more investment and management, and need more incentives.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The continuous bench terrace is high effective measure to slow down runoff, reduce sediment and soil erosion.
This system would reduce amount of fertilizer application, which organic matter and plant nutrients still stay in the slopping area.
All land users can produce more agricultural products and more income.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The continuous bench terrace is high effective measure to slow down runoff, reduce sediment and soil erosion.
This bench terrace increase amount of storage water into soil, and also increase soil moisture content. And the excess of rain would gradually control and drain to water way.
This technology would reduce amount of fertilizer application due to prevent of plant nutrients lost from this area.
All land users can improve their life status in increasing agricultural products and income.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The continuous bench terrace is very high cost	Government and local officers support this activities.
This system need expert in design and implement.	Local government officers (LDD) support and service this activities.
The structure of bench terrace is damaged.	Local government officers (LDD) support and service this activities.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The continuous bench terrace is very high cost and need machine to construct is terrace.	Government and local officers support this activities.
This system need expert in design and implement.	Local government officers (LDD) support and service this activities.
The structure of bench terrace is damaged by heavy rain, runoff and other events.	Local government officers (LDD) support and service this activities.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

-

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

-

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Continuous bench terrace for soil and water conservation in watershed area (at slope 35-60%)

URL:

http://www.dnp.go.th/watershed/ส่วนอำนวยการ/จัดทำระบบอนุรักษ์ดินและน้ำ โครงการทำขั้นบันไดดิน.pdf

7.4 一般注释

-