1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Bangladesh Forest Department (Bangladesh Forest Department) - 孟加拉国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Creation of green shelter-belt along the coast line through plantation of Jhau (Casuarina equisetifolia) to reduce vulnerabilities and hazards of extreme weather events like cyclones.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The coastal zone of Bangladesh is extremely vulnerable to the impact of climate change. The coastal populations are mostly poor and some of them are landless with livelihoods connected to agriculture, fishing, shrimp farming, salt farming etc. Past devastating cyclones have killed thousands of people and destroyed homes and infrastructure. Creation of green shelter-belts, including mangrove and non-mangrove plantations, reduces the vulnerabilities and hazards related to extreme weather events like cyclones and storm surges. Afforestation along coastal areas is usually cheaper and ecologically more beneficial than other measures and serves to conserve biodiversity and stabilize newly accreted land. As a general guideline, a shelter-belt protects an area over a distance up to its own height on the windward side and up to 10 times its height on the leeward side, depending on the strength of the wind.
The current sustainable land management practice takes particular account of the Jhau plantation along the coastline of Himchari National Park of Cox's Bazar. Jhau (Casuarina equisetifolia) is one of the most promising non-mangrove species for creating shelter-belts and the Bangladesh Forest Department has been planting them in raised coastal lands and embankments since the 1990s. Casuarina equisetifolia is an evergreen tree with a finely branched, feathery crown and usually growing around 35 meters tall. It is fast growing, salt tolerant, grows in sand and can also tolerate occasional inundation by sea water at extremely high tides. Many areas where the species naturally occurs are susceptible to tropical cyclones, and its general tolerance to strong winds has encouraged its use in protective planting. The most common uses of C. equisetifolia are for coastal sand dune stabilization, shelter-belts, land reclamation and erosion control. The wood is hard and used for house posts, rafters, electric poles, tool handles, etc. It has been called ‘the best firewood in the world’ and also produces high-quality charcoal.
Coastal plantation with Jhau is a soft adaptation measure that has significantly contributed to reduce the loss of lives and properties against tropical cyclones and storm surges in the coastal areas. This species can be planted in coastline, roadside, embankment and marginal lands for creating dense vegetation, which can function as windbreak and combat tidal surges. The spacing used in this shelter-belt plantation along the coastline of Himchari National Park is 2m x 2m and 2500 trees are planted per hectare area. The examined shelter-belt plantations are approximately 1.5km long and 150m wide. The major activities required to establish the plantation were: nursery development (seed collection, site clearing, leveling and fencing, drainage arrangement, bed preparation, making overhead shed, poly-bag preparation, potting seeds, manuring, irrigation, weed control), site preparation (prepare plantation site map with GPS, weeding, marking pit location with sticks, carrying of seedlings to the site) and tree planting (digging of planting holes, tying up of plants with stick for support, application of fertilizers and compost). Weeding and vacancy filling were the maintenance activities which required up to three years after plantation establishment. All those activities carried out by the forest department with the financial help from world bank project fund. The local communities were involved as paid labour for nursery development, plantation and maintenance activities. Local people can only collect fuel wood from the plantation as its soul purpose is to act as shelter-belt from cyclones and tidal surge.
As the plantation site is on the coastline and beside the Himchari National Park, it turns to a tourist spot now for its scenic beauty. Local people involved with various sorts of tourist oriented small-scale business here e.g. parasailing, boating, restaurant, cottage industries, shops, etc. Though the initial establishment of Jhau stand need intensive care, it is functioning as a good wind breaker and combating with tidal surge along with creating alternate livelihood opportunities for local people.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Under the Coastal Green Belt project and Climate Resilient Participatory Afforestation and Reforestation Project of World Bank, Jhau have been planted along the coastline to function as wind break and combat tidal surges

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 降低灾害风险
• 减缓气候变化及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Regularly inundated by tidal water

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 森林种植管理
• 防风林/防护林带
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

BDT

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

83.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Nursery development (seed collection, site clearing, leveling and fencing, drainage arrangement, bed preparation, making overhead shed, poly-bag preparation, potting seeds, manuring, irrigation, weed control)	September-October
2.	Site preparation (prepare plantation site map with GPS, weeding, marking pit location with sticks, carrying of seedlings to the site)	April-May
3.	Tree planting (digging of planting holes, tying up of plants with stick for support, application of fertilizers and compost)	June-July

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Nursery preparation	person-days	17.0	500.0	8500.0
劳动力	Site preparation	person-days	7.0	500.0	3500.0
劳动力	Planting activities	person-days	22.0	500.0	11000.0
设备	Bucket	pieces	10.0	150.0	1500.0
设备	Spade	pieces	8.0	300.0	2400.0
设备	Scissor	pieces	2.0	150.0	300.0
设备	Knife	pieces	2.0	200.0	400.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Cow dung	cubic meter	1.0	1200.0	1200.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea	kg	6.0	35.0	210.0
肥料和杀菌剂	MoP	kg	6.0	30.0	180.0
肥料和杀菌剂	TSP	kg	6.0	40.0	240.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost	kg	1250.0	4.0	5000.0
施工材料	Poly bag	pieces	3000.0	0.8	2400.0
施工材料	Bamboo stick	pieces	2600.0	2.0	5200.0
施工材料	Signboard	Lump sum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0
技术建立所需总成本					43030.0
技术建立总成本，美元					518.43

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Cost are not borne by the forest department (land owner) but by the project of World Bank

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	weeding	3 times in a year
2.	vacancy filling	June-July

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	1st year Weeding (6 labor/weeding/Ha.) 3 times	person-days	18.0	500.0	9000.0
劳动力	2nd year Weeding (5 labor/weeding/Ha.) 3 times	person-days	15.0	500.0	7500.0
劳动力	3rd year Weeding (5 labor/weeding/Ha.) 2 times ng and cleaning (5 labor/weeding/Ha.) 1 time	person-days	10.0	500.0	5000.0
劳动力	Vacancy filling	person-days	5.0	500.0	2500.0
设备	Bamboo stick	pieces	1000.0	2.0	2000.0
技术维护所需总成本					26000.0
技术维护总成本，美元					313.25

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Cost are not borne by the forest department (land owner) but by the project of World Bank

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labor

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

Due to regular tidal inundation the soil become saline and only support to grow few saline tolerant plant species

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热带风暴	好
局地暴雨	非常好
局地雷暴	非常好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
风暴潮/沿海洪水	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

Forest department adopted the green-belt plantation technique with Jhau from the projects and now replicating the practice in other coastline areas with government fund

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Function as wind break and combat tidal surges
Increases the soil fertility of the degraded land through nutrient cycle

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Biodiversity conservation through habitat improvement
Increase carbon sequestration

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Initial establishment of stand need intensive care and risk of failure is high	Increase technical capabilities of forest officials

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Jhau tree is not a natural vegetation for the sand dunes	Introduce other indigenous salinity tolerant plant species in the green shelter belt

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Islam, S. A. & Rahman, M. M. (2015). Coastal afforestation in Bangladesh to combat climate change induced hazards. Journal of Science, Technology & Environment Informatics, 02(01), 13–25, 2015

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

2015, Journal BiNET. This is an open access article distributed under terms of the Creative Common Attribution 4.0 International License.

7.4 一般注释

The questionnaire covered all the technical specifications of this SLM technology.