技术

Hedgerow establishment on an agro-pastoral farm for dairy cows [法国]

创建： 02/19/2020 11:36 a.m.
更新： 02/14/2021 1:49 p.m.
编制者： Alan Radbourne
编辑者： David Robinson, David Norris, Sabine Reinsch
审查者： Rima Mekdaschi Studer

Bocage

technologies_5681 - 法国

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完整性： 92%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

co-compiler:

Joubioux Christiane

Chambre Regionale D'Agriculture De Bretagne, Regional Chamber of Agriculture of Brittany

法国

土地使用者:

Danilo Noël

Danilo Noel

法国

SLM专业人员:

Senegas Isabelle

Chambre Regionale D'Agriculture De Bretagne, Regional Chamber of Agriculture of Brittany

法国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

European Interreg project FABulous Farmers

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) - 英国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Association des Chambres d’agriculture de l’Arc Atlantique (AC3A) - 法国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Low-maintenance hedgerows were established in 2003 at the ridges of an agro-pastoral farm common in Brittany to protect water quality, ensure animal well-being, maintain biodiversity, and for energy, timber and litter production.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Brittany is an area in the north-west of France. Brittany’s agriculture includes well-known products such as: fish, beef, pork, poultry, vegetables and milk. The technology is applied at Danilo Noël farm, located in the commune of Mauron in Morbihan. The region has an average annual rainfall of 650-700 mm and annual temperature of around 11°C. The climate of Mauron is warm and temperate, with the farm located in the basin known as Ploërmel. ‘Bocages’ in France refer to small forests and decorative elements such as hedgerows or ornamental garden structures that border agricultural fields .

The fields of the Danilo Noël farm are grouped together in a rotational system of fodder crop and short-term pastoral leys, divided into fenced paddocks. They are located between two ‘talwegs’, with slopes of 5 or 6 %. An analysis carried out in 2000 by the water management organization ‘Grand Bassin de l'Oust’, shows that 85% of the plots are at high and medium risk of plant protection product runoff due to the slope and water run-off.

Following this evaluation of the farm, the ‘Bocage’ (small hedged pasturelands) was developed starting during the winter of 2003/2004, with the planting of 800 meters of woody features (hedges and trees) along the slopes of the talweg. Other slope plantings were carried out on the edge of the paddock in 2014/2015 (1500 meters) and 2018/2019 (1650 meters).

Earth bunds were established along the contour, either with a shovel (in 2003 and 2014) or with a forest plough (in November 2018), with hedge and tree whips (1-2 year old growth) planted 1 meter apart in single rows diectly into the shovel or plough furrow and a small amount of fertiliser and wire tree guards added. There was no irregation installed.

The technology was applied in three differnt phases combining to form one overall long-term plan. The tree species chosen for the hedgerow are local species (oak, beech, cherry, birch, myrobolan plum, chestnut, hazelnut, etc.). For the last two phases of the programs (2014 & 2018), emphasis was placed on the presence of melliferous species (for honey production) and the spread of flowering species (fruit trees, burdock, blood dogwood, medlar, etc.).

Buffering of fields with hedgerows aims to protect surface water quality and prevent land degradation by slowing surface water runoff and hence reducing soil erosion, nutrient and plant-protection product (pesticide) export and improving water infiltration into the soil and groundwater recharge. The reduction of soil erosion in turn improves productivity with a better surface cover and nutrient retention for improved plant establishment and growth. Additionally, maintenance and/or improvement of biodiverstiy can be attained as well as providing shelter for animals supports their well-being.

Major activities of the technology include: Tipping of trees (old and new) in spring/summer, soil preparation at the site of the future hedge in autumn and creation of the embankment (earth bund along the contour), tree planting over winter and laying of mulch and installation of game guards.

Benefits of the hedgerows/ shelter belts are reorganization and improvement of the field to reduce flooding, protect water quality , improve welfare of the livestock, Increase biodiversity of wildlife, including insects, birds and game. Additional honey bee forage supported the installation of an apiary (18 colonies) by a professional beekeeper in May 2019.

The only weakness of the technology in the eyes of the land owner was the extra cost/workload associated with the maintenance of the hedgerows.

The compilation of this SLM is a part of the European Interreg project FABulous Farmers which aims to reduce the reliance on external inputs by encouraging the use of methods and interventions that increase the farm’s Functional AgroBiodiversity (FAB). Visit www.fabulousfarmers.eu and www.nweurope.eu/Fabulous-Farmers for more information.

2.3 技术照片

媒体库

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

法国

区域/州/省:

Brittany

具体说明该技术的分布:

均匀地分布在一个区域

如果不知道精确的区域，请注明大致覆盖的区域:

0.1-1 平方千米

技术现场是否位于永久保护区？:

否

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2003

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

通过土地使用者的创新
通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The farmer since 2000 has implemented various measures aimed at sustainable agriculture on the farm, and more recently (since 2018) the farm has become a 'pilot farm' in what is now the FABulous Farmers project aiming to improve biodiversity by enhancing the production system.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

改良生产
保持/提高生物多样性
适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

农牧业（包括农牧结合）

农田

一年一作

Hedge plantation

wheat, corn

每年的生长季节数:

采用间作制度了吗？:

否

采用轮作制度了吗？:

是

如果是，请具体说明:

Rotation of 1 year wheat, 1 year corn, 1 year fallow.

牧场

集约放牧/饲料生产:

改良牧场

动物类型:

牛 - 奶制品

是否实行作物与牲畜的综合管理？:

是

如果是，请具体说明:

Manure intentionally used to improve crop production & crop residues are fed to animals.

产品和服务:

奶类

grassland, corn silage, wheat

品种:

牛 - 奶制品

计数:

注释:

The hedges are planted on the periphery of the plot on embankments without interfering with the original land use.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

否（继续问题3.4）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

农业林学
防风林/防护林带
农畜综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

V1：乔木和灌木覆盖层

结构措施

S2：堤、岸
S9：动植物庇护所

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀
Wo：场外劣化效应

生物性退化

Bh：栖息地丧失

水质恶化

Hs：地表水良变化
Hp：地表水水质下降

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

防止土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Creation of the embankment
- Use of the backhoe or excavator (2003/2004 and 2014/2015 developments)
- Earth removed from the field over a few metres wide - implementation by vertical compaction as the slope rises - shaping of the sides by slicing.
- Use of the forestry plough (2018/2019 development)
- 5 to 7 passes of the forestry plough to lift a 0.6 to 0.8 cm high ridge - bucket finishing for levelling .

Planting
- Choose deciduous species adapted to the environmental conditions (soil, climate) and combine several species in a hedge.
- For a honey hedge (source of pollen and nectar for bees), aim to spread out the flowering with species accessible to bees (hazelnut, burdock, black elder, blood dogwood, obier viorne, country maple, small-leaved linden, cherry, chestnut, black alder, willow...).
- Install biodegradable mulch at the foot of each plant and protection against wildlife (deer, hare, rabbit).

作者:

Isabelle Senegas

日期:

03/02/2020

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Example section of planting on embankment. Single line planting of tree saplings on top of embankment, mulch mat around foot of plant, tree guard installed.

作者:

Alan Radbourne

日期:

12/02/2021

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

每个技术单元

指定单位:

meter

指定单位面积（如相关）:

1650

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

€

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.9

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

€10.15 on 1 January 2020, i.e. €1,539.42 monthly on the basis of the legal working week of 35 hours.

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Tip saplings to form seedling transplants for new plants	spring-summer year 0
2.	Soil preparation at the site of the future hedge	September to October year 0
3.	Creation of the embankment using excavator or forestry plough to establish soil bunds. Vertical compaction of slopes and shaping.	September to October year 0
4.	Tree planting using several deciduous species adapted to the envionmental conditions.	December to March (year 0-1)
5.	Laying of biodegradable mulch at the foot of each plant to provide nutrients and moisture retention	December to March (year 0-1)
6.	Installation of game guards to protect againt wildlife (deer, hare, rabbit).	December to March (year 0-1)
7.	Creation of grass strips at the foot of the slope to stabilise embankment	December to March (year 0-1)

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本
劳动力	Tip saplings	metre	1650.0	0.35	577.5
劳动力	Soil preparation	metre	1650.0	0.8	1320.0
劳动力	Creation of the embankment & grass strips	metre	1650.0	1.8	2970.0
劳动力	Tree planting, mulching & protection	metre	1650.0	2.0	3300.0
设备	Excavator / Forest plough	metre	1650.0	0.5	825.0
设备	Biodegradable mulch	metre	1650.0	0.3	495.0
设备	Tree guards	metre	1650.0	0.7	1155.0
技术建立所需总成本					10642.5
技术建立总成本，美元					11825.0

注释:

The bocage development programme is carried out by the Great Oust basin with the following financial partners: Europe, the Loire-Brittany Water Agency, the Brittany Region, the Morbihan Department. The operator will have to pay €1 (excluding tax) per linear metre.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Hedge pruning and training	Winters for 10-15 years
2.	Lateral pruning of the flower part of the hedges	as required between two wood harvests (with a chainsaw)
3.	Slope maintenance (brush clearing and grazing)	once a year
4.	Wood harvest: re-growing of out-sticking branches (Coppice and shrubs)	15 years after planting, then every 10-15 years

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Hedge pruning and training	meter	1650.0	0.25	412.5	100.0
设备	Mechanical intervention: annual clearing	meter	1650.0	0.35	577.5	100.0
施工材料	Thermal brushcutter for landscaping and forestry work (investment to be amortized)	meter	1650.0	0.6	990.0	100.0
其它	Maintenance of the embankment	meter	1650.0	0.15	247.5	100.0
其它	od storage, chipping, transport of chips	meter	1650.0	0.25	412.5	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					2640.0
技术维护总成本，美元					2933.33

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

- consistency of management
- hedge width
- Existence of outlets for wood (self-consumption, local industries, etc.)

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量

< 250毫米
251-500毫米
501-750毫米
751-1,000毫米
1,001-1,500毫米
1,501-2,000毫米
2,001-3,000毫米
3,001-4,000毫米
> 4,000毫米

指定年平均降雨量（若已知），单位为mm:

700.00

有关降雨的规范/注释:

The farm is situated in the commune of Ploërmel in the Morbihan which lies in the early pedoclimatic zone.
The average annual rainfall is between 650-750 mm over the period 1971-2000.
The average annual temperature is around 11.5°C over the period 1971-2000.

注明所考虑的参考气象站名称:

Ploermel

农业气候带

半湿润

The Ploërmel basin is the most continental of the Morbihan with colder winters, warmer summers and rainfall between 650 and 750 mm/year.

5.2 地形

平均坡度:

水平（0-2%）
缓降（3-5%）
平缓（6-10%）
滚坡（11-15%）
崎岖（16-30%）
陡峭（31-60%）
非常陡峭（>60%）

地形:

高原/平原
山脊
山坡
山地斜坡
麓坡
谷底

垂直分布带:

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The farm is located between two talwegs. Altitudes vary between 75 and 100 m. The steepest slopes (on the southern slope) are about 6%.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:

非常浅（0-20厘米）
浅（21-50厘米）
中等深度（51-80厘米）
深（81-120厘米）
非常深（> 120厘米）

土壤质地（表土）:

中粒（壤土、粉土）

土壤质地（地表以下> 20厘米）:

粗粒/轻（砂质）

表土有机质:

低（<1%）

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The farm is located in the commune of Ploërmel in Morbihan is in the geological zone of the Briovian Shale:
- Soil mapping unit (UCS (soil map units) n°4034): Brown soils gradually leached from the plains and plateaux from locally sandstone soft shale (including deep valley bottom soils, hydromorphic from the surface, with colluvio-alluvial or alluvial input).
- Soil mapping unit (UCS (soil map units) n°4040): Mainly well-drained and poorly leached soils of cultivated plateaus from soft shale.
Source Sols de Bretagne (http://www.sols-de-bretagne.fr/)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

5-50米

地表水的可用性:

好

水质（未处理）:

不良饮用水（需要处理）

水质请参考：:

地下水和地表水

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:

栖息地多样性:

中等

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Medium habitat diversity due to still young age of the hedges)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

定栖或游牧:

定栖的

生产系统的市场定位:

商业/市场

非农收入:

低于全部收入的10%

相对财富水平:

平均水平

个人或集体:

个人/家庭

机械化水平:

机械化/电动

性别:

男人

土地使用者的年龄:

中年人

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

< 0.5 公顷
0.5-1 公顷
1-2 公顷
2-5公顷
5-15公顷
15-50公顷
50-100公顷
100-500公顷
500-1,000公顷
1,000-10,000公顷
> 10,000公顷

这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的（参照当地实际情况）？:

中等规模的

注释:

The farm covers an area of 66 ha, 60 ha of which are accessible for grazing and some of which are wet.

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

个人，有命名

土地使用权:

租赁

用水权:

自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:

贫瘠
适度的
好

教育:

贫瘠
适度的
好

技术援助:

贫瘠
适度的
好

就业（例如非农）:

贫瘠
适度的
好

市场:

贫瘠
适度的
好

能源:

贫瘠
适度的
好

道路和交通:

贫瘠
适度的
好

饮用水和卫生设施:

贫瘠
适度的
好

金融服务:

贫瘠
适度的
好

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

注释/具体说明:

Increased labour but more sustainable water and land management

Increased workload with hedgerow management

社会文化影响

土地使用权/用水权

恶化

改良

娱乐机会

减少

改良

注释/具体说明:

quality of life

SLM/土地退化知识

减少

改良

生态影响

水循环/径流

水质

降低

增加

注释/具体说明:

Improved water quality in streams due to reduced surface run-off with hedgerow buffer strips

地表径流

增加

降低

注释/具体说明:

Decreased run-off with hedgerow buffering

多余水的排放

减少

改良

注释/具体说明:

Rooting system reducing flooding

土壤

土壤流失

增加

降低

注释/具体说明:

Reduced soil erosion from buffered strips

土壤有机物/地下C

降低

增加

注释/具体说明:

Hedgerow inceasing below ground C

cultivation aids

buffer strips provide crop and animal shelter

Intake from hedges

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
年降雨量		减少	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	非常好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	好
寒潮	适度
干旱	适度

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好
滑坡	适度

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
延长生长期	未知
缩短生长期	未知
海平面上升	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

短期回报:

轻度消极

长期回报:

稍微积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

短期回报:

轻度消极

长期回报:

积极

6.5 技术采用

1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

0-10%

注释:

Several Breton regional programmes that aimed at improving water quality have made it possible to support bocage developments thanks to the involvement of financial partners from 2008 to 2020, as part of the wider "Breizh Bocage" programme. The remaining amount to be paid by the operator is 1€ per linear meter in the current programme.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

economic concern of operating system

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Due to a concern the maintenence costs would outweigh the benefit return the parcels of land have been rearranged to suit a more efficient system.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improvement and reorganisation of the plot with a reduction of wetlands.
Protection of the animals against bad weather and welfare of the herd.
Protection of water quality.
Increase in wildlife: insects, birds, game, etc.
Additional benefits of the hedges are the possibility of installing apiary (18 colonies) by a professional beekeeper in May 2019.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Hydraulic and water chemical control with combination of hedge and embankment.
Improvement of the landscape and the living environment favourable to the preservation of heritage and the development of tourism: hiking circuits.
Ecological functions with the preservation of biological diversity: "ecological corridors".
Economic functions with multiple outputs, such as firewood, timber, hederow crop (i.e. berries) and increased pollen source for bees

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Hedge maintenance: extra cost and workload	Delegation to a specialised company.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Time intensive upkeep (i.e. training of saplings) that maybe overlooked and thus not produce highest quality output	Outsource labour work (yet additional expense)
Lack of outlets for wood from hedgerows	- self-consumption of wood: installation of plate boilers on farms, or heating networks, use of wood for animal bedding - developing territorial channels for the valorisation of wood from hedgerows
Need for training and support for operators	Sustainable management plan for hedges and trees on the farm, and monitoring.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

实地考察、实地调查

At the farm Noël Danilo

与土地使用者的访谈

At the farm Noël Danilo

根据报告和其他现有文档进行编译

Breih Bocage Programme (2015-2020): diagnosis actions