1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The nootka lupine is sown in sandy and gravelly areas to increase the vegetation cover and fertilize the soil.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The nootka lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis) is a legume that can survive in the harsh climate of Iceland. It was introduced from Alaska to increase soil cover and fertilize the sandy and gravelly soil. For that purpose, it has been widely used from 1990 onwards in degraded areas all over Iceland. Because of its large amount of seed production, the plant is able to reproduce rapidly and spread. The ability of the lupine to fix nitrogen through its root system reduces the need for fertilizer - especially when planting trees. Increased vegetation cover due to the lupine plants minimizes vulnerability to wind erosion. The ground is protected and sandstorms can be reduced. This also protects neighbouring fields, and public and private infrastructure from sand and dust storms.

The lupine is seeded with machinery in spring or very late autumn. It is planted in strips – rather than all over the ground - because the plant readily spreads and colonise. Before planting, lupine seed have to be inoculated with rhizobium bacteria. These bacteria help the plant to fix nitrogen: without this inoculation the plant wouldn’t survive in the bare soil. These bacteria are produced during winter time in a laboratory. The lupine needs no fertilizer after planting. Planting of lupine is an extremely cost-efficient and effective way of increasing soil cover and soil fertility. It is a one-off operation: no further action needs to be carried out afterwards.

However, the nootka lupin is very controversial in Iceland despite its apparent advantages both on and offsite. The use of lupines should be carefully considered, especially in sensitive and protected areas. The reason is that this non-native plant is very invasive and leads to the displacement of the native vegetation. Grazing does not stop lupines spreading: only young plants are eaten by sheep, but once mature, its bitterness renders it unpalatable. On a small-scale, it is possible - with great effort - to slow down the spread by cutting the flowers. On a large-scale, the spread can only be stopped with herbicides which is highly controversial. From the land user’s view, the planting of lupine reduces the aesthetic value of the landscape because of monoculture: diversity is lost. That is why people try to plant trees in such fields. Because of the controversy surrounding the plant, the technology has been little adopted by farmers and due to its invasiveness, the Soil Conservation Service stopped using the lupine in 2018.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Can be combined with birch tree planting.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

ISK

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

138.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	production of bakteria in labratory at Gunnarsholt	winter
2.	inoculat the seeds before seeding	spring time and very late autumn
3.	seeding lupine	spring time and very late autumn

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
其它	Seeding lupine (total costs)	ha	1.0	30000.0	30000.0
技术建立所需总成本					30000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					217.39

4.5 维护/经常性活动

注释:

There is no recurring activity.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

There is no recurring activity.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

workers, seeds, machinery

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

水资源可用性和质量

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	适度

注释:

The lupine has been infested by a larvae in recent years. However, its population has collapsed and thus shrunk considerably.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

stopp further seeding

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Due to its invasiveness in Iceland, the Soil Conservation Service of Iceland stopped using the lupine in 2018.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The use of lupines is a very cost-effective application, which protects the soil well against wind erosion.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The use of lupines is a very cost-effective application, which protects the soil well against wind erosion.
Less artificial fertiliser has to be used because the lupine fertilizes the soil.
Sowing the lupine is a unique application. No further operations need to be carried out after that.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Lupine is very invasive and displaces native plants.	The use of lupines should be carefully considered. On a small scale, it is possible with great effort to slow down the spread by cutting the flowers. On a large scale, the only possibility to stop the spreading would be the use of herbicides.
The aesthetic value of the landscape is reduced by the monoculture of lupines.	By planting trees in the lupines the aesthetic value can be increased.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The non-native plant is very invasive and produces large quantities of seeds why it is spreading rapidly. This leads to the displacement of the native vegetation. This can become a significant problem in protected areas (national parks).	The use of lupines should be carefully considered, especially in sensitive and protected areas. On a small scale, it is possible with great effort to slow down the spread by cutting the flowers. On a large scale, the only possibility to stop the spreading would be the use of herbicides.
The lupine is very invasive and spreads very quickly.	The SCS has stopped planting lupine since 2018.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Webpage Soil Conservation Service of Iceland

URL:

https://land.is/english/