技术

Conservation Agriculture in Dryland Mixed Systems [突尼斯]

technologies_5819 - 突尼斯

完整性: 90%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

Senior Livestock Scientist:

Rekik Mourad

International Center of Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

突尼斯

Agronomist:

M'hamed Cheikh Hatem

National Institute of Agricultural Research of Tunisia (INRAT)

突尼斯

Scaling Specialist:

Idoudi Zied

International Center of Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

突尼斯

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
ICARDA Institutional Knowledge Management Initiative
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) - 黎巴嫩

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题,导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术?:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a "ready-to-scale concept" in agriculture that allows a sustainable agricultural production and mitigation of climate change. The documented CA focuses on a dryland mixed system, including a biennial rotation of legume and cereals with integrated livestock management. CA has positive benefits on soil health and significantly reduces the needed inputs (e.g. fuel, labour) and workload for farmers.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Land degradation leading to desertification is an increasingly important problem in the dry land regions of the globe. This does not only affect the bio-physical aspects such as carbon storage, but also the lives of local land users. Land degradation is often initiated by the lack of vegetation cover as is often a consequence of overgrazing and over-ploughing (i.e mismanagement). Furthermore, climate change leads to droughts, intensified rainfall events, increased temperature, and more extreme weather events. These compromised climatic conditions enhance land degradation. This leads to less fertile soils, reducing yields and consequently deteriorates the income and lives of local farmers. Taking the consequence and scale of degradation into account, natural resource conservation interventions are urgently required.

As the lack of soil cover is an, if not the, essential initiating factor in the desertification process, it should be maximally addressed. In the light of this, CA has been developed, based on three leading principles: i) minimizing soil disturbances or no-tillage, ii) maintaining a permanent soil cover with mulch, and iii) adequate crop rotations. Overall, the three principles prevent land degradation and can also rehabilitate the land. This is because soil organic matter is maintained in/on the soil and the erosive power of raindrops are broken by the soil cover. Therefore, CA aims for more sustainable resource use (land and water use) and to optimize climate-resilient and integrated crop-livestock systems to sustainably intensify production in fragile dry areas.

Tunisia is a country that experiences the previously described pattern and results of desertification and where smallholder farmers are largely dependent on livestock for income generation. However, the livestock competes with the concept of CA as plant residues (stubble) are normally grazed by the livestock. Conservation agriculture propagates no or minimum soil disturbance/ tillage. However, the purchase of a zero-tillage seeder machine appears to be a bottleneck due to high costs since they are hardly produced locally. Nevertheless, there are farmers in the semi -arid areas of Tunisia, who adopted the technology and experience significant benefits such as increased soil fertility and over time increasing yields. In addition, as erosion rates are high in this rainfed area of 300 to 600 mm annual precipitation, a well-covered soil will reduce runoff and loss of top soil. Since ploughing is restricted, the workload and the demanded fuel is reduced, resulting in decreased costs and labour with respect to the conventional practices. Furthermore, integrated crop-livestock is practiced by limiting livestock to graze only the freshly harvested fields while producing manure to enhance soil health (organic fertilization and increase in soil organic matter).
Additionally, according to the third principle of CA, legumes were introduced in the agricultural system (crop rotation), besides the conventional cereal (e.g. durum wheat or barley). Specifically, faba bean is promising, as it has nitrogen fixing effects, enhancing soil health, and increasing and diversifying farm income. Vetch and other forage mixtures have also been successfully introduced to provide farmers with nutritious feed for livestock within the CA concept. In irrigated areas (e.g. parts in Algeria), the practice of CA has an additional benefit as it increases the irrigation water use efficiency due to less evaporation and better infiltration.

The previous agro-pastoral farming practices changed under CA to an integrated crop-livestock system where soil cover is permanent. This mixed system consist of firstly weed control. Secondly, zero-tillage seeding is done directly into the soil even if covered with e.g. mulch/stubble. Faba bean and/or wheat are seeded and rotated yearly. This is beneficial as legumes fix nitrogen in the soil, lowering the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer needed. Thirdly, required fertilizers (for wheat additional nitrogenous fertilizer) is applied with a spreader. Fourthly, herbicides, pesticides, insecticides and fungicides are applied with a sprayer for disease control. Fifthly, the field is harvested with a combine. The stubble is then partly grazed by the sheep and goats until there remains a 1-2 cm residue layer i.e. mulch. For one hectare this accounts for a thirty day grazing period for thirty goats or sheep. This results in an integrated Crop-Livestock system under CA (CLCA), as the stubble provides feed for livestock while the livestock provides the soil with manure.

The land users that have adopted CA have indicated that they extremely appreciate the reduction in work, also the cost of labour and fuel, etc. In addition, they saw increased yields due to improved soil health. However, this beneficial impact could only be observed in the long-term since yields take time to increase, which can be considered as a weakness as the small holder farmer tends to prioritize short term profits. Another weakness is that the livestock is constrained since residues ought to remain on the field.

In conclusion, even though there are bottlenecks, the technology of conservation agriculture is a solution to combat desertification while improving the lives of local land users through the process.

Information and data presented is partly made available through the project “Use of conservation agriculture in crop-livestock systems (CLCA) in the drylands for enhanced water use efficiency, soil fertility and productivity in NEN and LAC countries” funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), managed by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and implemented in Tunisia by the National Agricultural Research Institute (INRAT).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

突尼斯

区域/州/省:

Algeria: M'Sila and Setif; Tunisia: Siliana

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果不知道精确的区域,请注明大致覆盖的区域:
  • 100-1,000 平方千米
技术现场是否位于永久保护区?:

注释:

The land under CA in Tunisia and Algeria is 14 000ha and 5600 ha, respectively. Most of the sites (approximately 70%) are thus located in Tunisia. The regions pinned in the map represent the sites that match the documentation.

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1999

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 在实验/研究期间
  • 通过项目/外部干预

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 农牧业(包括农牧结合)

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 谷类 - 小麦(冬季)
  • 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子
  • Faba bean, vetch
年作制度:

小麦或类似的干草/牧场轮作

每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
采用间作制度了吗?:

采用轮作制度了吗?:

如果是,请具体说明:

Wheat is rotated with other crops (see technicality) such as faba bean or forage crops like vetch.

牧场

牧场

集约放牧/饲料生产:
  • 收割和携带/零放牧
  • livestock allowed to graze only the freshly harvested fields
动物类型:
  • 山羊
  • 绵羊
是否实行作物与牲畜的综合管理?:

如果是,请具体说明:

Crop residues remain on the field. This is allowed for limited grazing by the livestock after harvest (between april and july). The 30-30 rule states that is allowed for a 30 sized flock (sheep or goats) to graze 1 ha for 30 days. Logically, bigger flock means less days and vice versa. While the flock grazes the land it provides the soil with manure. Vetch is cut and carried to feed the livestock.

产品和服务:
  • 肉类
  • 奶类
品种:

山羊

品种:

绵羊

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?:
  • 是(请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题)
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 农牧业(包括农牧结合)
农田

农田

  • 一年一作
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 谷类 - 小麦(冬季)
年作制度:

连作小麦/大麦/燕麦/旱稻

采用间作制度了吗?:

采用轮作制度了吗?:

牧场

牧场

  • livestock allowed to graze only the freshly harvested fields
动物类型:
  • 山羊
  • 绵羊
是否实行作物与牲畜的综合管理?:

如果是,请具体说明:

livestock allowed to graze on the cereal stubbles left in the field.

产品和服务:
  • 肉类
  • 奶类
注释:

The land use has not necessarily changed as in the previous agro-pastoral system, livestock was also allowed to graze the field, providing it with manure. The difference is that under CA the livestock is not allowed to fully graze the land, leaving a soil cover.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 农畜综合管理
  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 最小的土壤扰动

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

农艺措施

  • A1:植被和土壤覆盖层
  • A3:土壤表面处理
  • A6:残株管理
A3:区分耕作制度:

A 3.1:免耕

A6:对残株管理作出具体说明:

A 6.4:保留

管理措施

管理措施

  • M2:改变管理/强度级别
注释:

The residues are partly retained and partly grazed.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
土壤风蚀

土壤风蚀

  • Et:表土流失
化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
物理性土壤退化

物理性土壤退化

  • Pk:熟化和结壳
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bc:植被覆盖的减少
  • Bq:数量/生物量减少
  • Bl:土壤寿命损失
  • Bp:害虫/疾病增加,捕食者减少
水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Ha:干旱化

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 防止土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
注释:

The technology of CA prevents land degradation as the soil cover prevents erosion because the cover breaks the erosive power of rainfall and wind. Also, CA has the ability to rehabilitate as the content (like organic matter and carbon) of the soil cover (e.g. mulch/stubble) remains in the soil eventually improving the soil quality.

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

The row interspace (C) for wheat and faba bean is respectively 17 centimeter and 35 centimeter. The density [plants per square meter] for wheat and faba bean is, respectively, 300-400 and 25. The spacing between crops in the row (B) for wheat and faba bean is, respectively, 1.5-2 centimeter and 11 centimeter. The slopes of the fields (D) vary between 3% and 10%.

For the livestock integration with CA, a flock of thirty (goats or sheep) may graze 1 hectare of stubble for a period of thirty days. This yields optimal trade-off between livestock and soil cover. As soil cover a 1-2 cm residue layer remains (A).

Please note that these values may vary with respect to different terrain, species of plants, flock size, and fertilizer application. For example if a flock contain more sheep or goats, it logically results in less grazing days.

作者:

Joren Verbist

日期:

22/12/2020

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

The local Tunisian zero-tillage seeder is named Sajir. This machine has better results than imported machines in terms of adjustable and homogeneous sowing depth, high germination rate and similar yield. The design is still changing to the recent and ongoing modifications (e.g. designing and manufacturing a local tine) to be better suitable to Tunisian soil context.

作者:

Mohamed Jadlaoui

日期:

01/01/2020

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

"Boudour" is a zero-tillage seeder machine used in Algeria.

Its technicality: The loading capacity is 150 kilogram of seeds and 150 kilograms for fertilizer.
The depth can be adjusted and is between 0 and 8 cm. The overall width is 2.8 meter whereas the seed row spacing is 18 centimetres.
The loading height is 154 centimetres.
It is suitable for a 65-76 horsepower tractor.

作者:

SOLA

日期:

01/04/2020

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:
  • 每个技术区域
注明尺寸和面积单位:

1 hectare

具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元
注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

5.3

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Purchase Zero-Tillage Seeder

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
设备 Zero-Tillage Seeder piece 1.0 20000.0 20000.0
技术建立所需总成本 20000.0
技术建立总成本,美元 20000.0
注释:

The Zero-Tillage-Seeder can be bought as a community. This would lower the effective cost per farmer. Also, it is possible to hire Zero-Tillage Seeder.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Weeding (Total weed control) Year 1 Early-October
2. Seeding Faba Bean Year 1 Mid-October
3. Apply Baseline Fertilization Year 1 Mid-October
4. Apply Herbicide Year 1 Mid-October
5. Apply Fungicide and Insecticide Year 1 March-Early April
6. Limited Grazing/Harvesting Year 1 Late-April/May
7. Weeding (Total weed control) Year 2 Early-November
8. Seeding Wheat Year 2 Mid-November
9. Apply Baseline Fertilization Year 2 Mid-November
10. Apply Nitrogenous Fertilization Year 2 December-January-February
11. Apply Herbicide Year 2 December
12. Apply Fungicide Year 2 March-April
13. Limited Grazing/Harvesting Year 2 Late-June/Early-July

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Weeding Person-hour 1.0 100.0
劳动力 Seeding Person-hour 2.0 100.0
劳动力 Fertilizer Application Person-hour 0.5 100.0
劳动力 Harvesting Person-hour 2.0 100.0
设备 The Zero-Tillage Seeder (hiring cost) Machine-hour 2.0 16.5 33.0 100.0
设备 Sprayer (hiring cost for disease control) Machine-hour 4.5 11.0 49.5 100.0
设备 Spreader (hiring costs for nitrogenous fertilizer application) Machine-hour 1.5 11.0 16.5 100.0
设备 Combine (hiring cost for harvesting) Machine-hour 2.0 47.5 95.0 100.0
植物材料 Seeds Wheat Kilogram 160.0 0.4 64.0 100.0
植物材料 Seeds Faba Bean Kilogram 120.0 0.48 57.6 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Baseline Fertilization Quintal 2.5 19.9 49.75 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Nitrogenous Fertilization Quintal 3.0 15.5 46.5 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Pesticide (for total weed control) Liter 2.0 10.0 20.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Herbicide for grassy weeds Liter 1.0 41.2 41.2 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Herbicide for broadleaf weeds and sedges Liter 2.0 29.2 58.4 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Fungicide Liter 1.5 40.0 60.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Herbicide for annual and perennial grasses Liter 1.25 25.5 31.88 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Insecticide Liter 0.1 66.8 6.68 100.0
其它 Casual Labour Person-day 12.0 5.3 63.6 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 693.61
技术维护总成本,美元 693.61
注释:

Assuming a biennial rotation (Legume-Cereal), inputs and costs for the establishment of one hectare under the technology are displayed in the table. The costs for solely faba bean is 332.8 USD per hectare.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The initial purchase of the zero-tillage machine (20 000 USD) is dominantly affecting the costs of the technology. However, it should be taken into account, that this machine serves the long term. Because the area under description is dominated by small-scale farmers, access to zero-tillage machines is ensured through hiring private entrepreneurs or through the purchase of machines by farmers’ associations rather than individual farmers. Also, it is important to note that the additional costs of conservation agriculture mainly consists of the machine, the weeding control and the seeding of the legumes. Other costs are either similar or reduced with respect to conventional agriculture. For example, conventional agriculture requires three hours of ploughing and 1 hour of sowing. While conservation agriculture only needs half an hour for chemical weeding, 1 hour for sowing and does not require ploughing. This relates to reduced inputs such as fuel.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
说明该技术是否专门应用于:
  • 不相关

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
土壤质地(地表以下> 20厘米):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The top soil organic matter is relatively high as consequence of conservation agriculture.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

< 5米

地表水的可用性:

匮乏/没有

水质(未处理):

不良饮用水(需要处理)

水质请参考::

地下水

水的盐度有问题吗?:

该区域正在发生洪水吗?:

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
栖息地多样性:

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

定栖或游牧:
  • 定栖的
生产系统的市场定位:
  • 混合(生计/商业)
非农收入:
  • 收入的10-50%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
机械化水平:
  • 机械化/电动
性别:
  • 女人
  • 男人
土地使用者的年龄:
  • 中年人
  • 老年人

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

Average size of smallholder farmers that have adopted CA have a farm size of less than ten hectares.

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权:
  • 个人
用水权:
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 个人
土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度?:

具体说明:

Land use rights in Tunisia have a long history with religious (e.g. melk) influences and French influences. This resulted in that currently most lands are private owned or state owned,

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Over time the crop production increases as the soil quality increases

作物质量

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Over time the crop quality increases as the soil quality increases

饲料生产

降低
增加

饲料质量

降低
增加
收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Less fuel needen for ploughing. This was a signficant cost in the conventional system.

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

The farm income increases as there are less costs and higher yields with respect to the previous agricultural acitivites.

工作量

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Farmers spend less work on the field as the field is not ploughed.

社会文化影响

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

生态影响

水循环/径流

水的回收/收集

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

Less water runs off due to soil cover. Thus more water is collected in the soil.

地表径流

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Due to the soil cover, more water is retained and less water runs-off.

蒸发

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

The soil cover provides shade for the soil. Therefore less water is evaporated.

土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

The soil is more moist as the soil cover provides shade. So the soil has a lower temperature.

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

CA strives for permanent soil cover.

土壤流失

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

The soil cover breaks the erosive power of rain drops. Also due to decreased run-off, there is less erosion.

土壤堆积

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

The soil cover eventually decomposes into the soil which lead to accumulation.

土壤结壳/密封

增加
减少
注释/具体说明:

The splash erosion of the rain drops is broken by the soil cover, resulting in less crusting.

养分循环/补给

降低
增加

土壤有机物/地下C

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

The soil cover is decomposed in the soil. Which is partly carbon.

生物多样性:植被、动物

生物量/地上C

降低
增加

植物多样性

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

CA encourages the use of adequate crop rotation.

有益物种

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

CA encourage the use of beneficial species like legumes that fixate nitrogen.

减少气候和灾害风险

微气候

恶化
改良

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

下游淤积

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

As conservation agriculture reduces erosion, it consequently reduces downstream siltation.

风力搬运沉积物

增加
减少

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加
年降雨量 减少

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
陆地火灾 不好
生物灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
流行病 不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

消极

长期回报:

稍微积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

注释:

The maintenance of conservation agriculture is positively experienced because of the reduced workload and inputs as the additional costs of e.g. weeding and pest control are not larger than the original costs of weeding and ploughing. However, the establishment costs are considered negative due to the significant costs of the zero-tillage machine. In the long term, the improved soil conditions should have maximum benefits.

6.5 技术采用

  • 1-10%
在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 11-50%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?:

其它(具体说明):

The demand of the farmers

具体说明技术的适应性(设计、材料/品种等):

The farmers demanded different dimensions for the Zero-Tillage-seeder, related to their desired inter rows spaces e.g. a wider seeder so more area is seeded in the same time.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Conservation Agriculture (CA) reduces the costs and workload with respects to conventional farming. For example, in conventional agriculture the field was ploughed, which costed machine hours. This cost is cancelled out by conservation agriculture, following the three principles. On top of that, this results in less costs such as depreciation of the plough and less consumed fuel.
CA leads to improved soil conditions and reduced/prevented land degradation which leads to increased biomass-production. This does benefit the land user. However, these benefits are noticeable in the long term. So, conservation agriculture is therefore significantly beneficial and (economically) important for family farms, where the land is passed on to future generations.
In irrigated areas, conservation agriculture leads to improved irrigation water use efficiency because of less water evaporation from the soil surface. Additionally, in flood irrigated areas, the soil is better protected and not flushed away. Farmers that have limited amount of irrigation water consider this a great benefit. In Algeria for example, the impact of CA practices resulted in a 30–40% reduction in the use of irrigation water and a two- to three-fold increase in barley and wheat production without the use of better seeds.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
In Tunisia, it has been proven that CA based on Zero tillage and soil residue retention vs conventional agriculture contributes to make wheat production more resilient to climate change through enhancing wheat yield (15%), improvement of water use efficiency (13% to 18%), increase organic carbon accumulation (0.13 ton/ha/year to 0.18 ton/ha/year-). The reduction of soil loss caused by soil water erosion varies between 1.7 ton/ha/year to 4.6 ton/ha/year of soil loss.
CA prevents desertification. This is important as the desertification is increasing in dry lands. Thereby, it reduces the socio-economic capacity of the rural population, because of deteriorated biomass-production. Hence conservation agriculture is important to develop capacity in the rural areas of the dry lands as it ensures increased yields (i.e. higher income)
Soil microbial activity is an indicator for soil fertility. Preliminary results showed that soil microbial activity was higher under CA than conventional practices for different studied soil layers (0-15 cm, 15-25 cm and 25-45 cm).
Regarding the impact of CA on natural resources, especially soil health and water efficiency. Scientific evidences show that soil loss due to erosion reduced by 14 percent, some 62 kilograms per hectare under CA practices compared to conventional practices.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
The competition between livestock is identified as a major issue in terms of effectiveness and adoptability of conservation agriculture (CA). Livestock grazes the stubble and crop residues, reducing the amount of soil cover on the field, thus lowering the protection and improvement of the soil. And as most farmers rely on livestock, this conflict between livestock and CA lowers the adoption rate of the technology. This can be addressed through integrated smart livestock management. The approach should aim at minimizing the harm to soil cover, while maximizing the nutrition intake of livestock. The 30/30-model, in which the optimal trade-off between soil cover and grazing period is found, offers such solution. Here 30 sheep or goats may graze one hectare for thirty days. This leaves enough soil cover and meets livestock demand.
The price and availability of the zero-tillage seeder is crucial in the farmer's decision to adopt CA. The purchase of such a machine is namely very high for a farmer. It is unlikely that a farmer is willing to invest this huge amount as the farmer prefers profit in the short term. Investments (private and government) are needed to boost the manufacturing of national made zero-tillage seeder. This would increase the availability of the machine and decrease the price. Furthermore, farmers may organize themselves into communitiy user groups and cooperations hence, lowering the cost per farmer. However, good governance and planning of machine use is essential, as tension may develop during the short sowing period for the use of the machine.
The risks of pests and weeds increase during first years of the transition from conventional tillage to CA because of the residues left on the field and the change in the weeds flora. These form a good basis for disease development. In the short term this can be overcome by using herbicides and fungicides. However, this might be paired with other risks. Therefore, there should be research into alternative pest controls measures, such as intercropping or the introduction of natural enemies.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
The low capacity of farmers to invest in CA, specifically a zero-tillage seeder, is a weakness. This is due to the lack of government support and due to the small scale of most farms (80% of the Tunisian farmers have less than 10 ha of land). Iimprove institutional support by for example the government. The government can support farmers by giving subsides to allow the purchase of a zero-tillage seeder machine.
The wider scale adoption of CA requires a change in commitment and behavior of all stakeholders. Such changes call for sustained policy and institutional support that provides both incentives and motivations to encourage farmers to adopt components of CA practices and improve them over time.
The increasing use of pesticides for weeding and pest control is a growing concern and risk. Pesticides may have harming effects on the soil, the biodiversity and the public health. Alternatives to pesticides can overcome this risk. However, research is needed to scrutinize this and if it is cost-effective. Possible alternative approaches are intercropping and the introduction of natural enemies. This would not only mitigate the risk of pests and weeding, but also enhance soil health and biodiversity.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

  • 与SLM专业人员/专家的访谈
  • 根据报告和其他现有文档进行编译

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Amir Souissi, Bahri Haithem, Hatem Cheikh M'hamed, Mohamed Chakroun, Salah Ben Youssef, Aymen Frija, Mohamed Annabi. (7/8/2020). Effect of Tillage, Previous Crop, and N Fertilization on Agronomic and Economic Performances of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf. ) under Rainfed Semi-Arid Environment. Agronomy, 10(8).

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/11886

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Amar Rouabhi, Abdelmalek Laouar, Abdelhamid Mekhlouf, Boubaker Dhehibi. (1/3/2019). Socioeconomic assessment of no-till in wheat cropping system: a case study in Algeria. New Medit, 18(1).

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/9761

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Bahri Haithem, Mohamed Annabi, Hatem Cheikh M'hamed, Aymen Frija. (1/11/2019). Assessing the long-term impact of conservation agriculture on wheat-based systems in Tunisia using APSIM simulations under a climate change context. Science of the Total Environment, 692, pp. 1223-1233.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/10157

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

CLCA Project Page

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://mel.cgiar.org/projects/clca2

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Zied Idoudi, Nasreddine Louahdi, Mina Devkota Wasti, Zahra Djender, Aymen Frija, Mourad Rekik. (26/4/2020). Public-Private Partnership for enhanced conservation agriculture practices: the case of Boudour Zero-Till seeder in Algeria. Lebanon: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/11047

标题/说明:

Mourad Rekik, Santiago López Ridaura, Hatem Cheikh M'hamed, Zahra Djender, Boubaker Dhehibi, Aymen Frija, Mina Devkota Wasti, Udo Rudiger, Enrico Bonaiuti, Dina Najjar, Zied Idoudi. (26/11/2019). Use of Conservation Agriculture in Crop-Livestock Systems (CLCA) in the Drylands for Enhanced Water Use Efficiency, Soil Fertility and Productivity in NEN and LAC Countries – Project Progress Report: Year I - April 2018 to March 2019. Jordan: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/10444

标题/说明:

Udo Rudiger, Hatem Cheikh M'hamed. (1/5/2019). Inspired by Nature - A Tunisian Farmer’s Perspective on Sustainable Integration of Crop and Livestock. (Short version).

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/10013

标题/说明:

Peter Fredenburg, Colin Piggin, Michael Devlin. (30/11/2012). Conservation agriculture: opportunities for intensified farming and environmental conservation in dry areas. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/5073

标题/说明:

Hichem Ben Salem. (15/12/2015). Strategic Practical Options for Integrating Conservation Agriculture Cropping and Livestock Systems. Amman, Jordan: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/4999

标题/说明:

Hichem Ben Salem. (4/5/2016). Recent trends in conservation agriculture.

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/4771

标题/说明:

Aymen Frija. (26/11/2016). Conservation Agriculture: strengthening crop production in marginal areas. URL: https://globalfutures.cgiar.org/2016/11/28/conservation-agriculture-strengthening-crop-production-in-marginal-areas/

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/6120

标题/说明:

Hajer Guesmi, Hichem Ben Salem, Nizar Moujahed. (1/9/2019). Integration crop-livestock under conservation agriculture system. Journal of New Science, 65(1), pp. 4061-4065.

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/11423

标题/说明:

Bahri Haithem, Mohamed Annabi, Hatem Cheikh M'hamed, Aymen Frija. (1/11/2019). Assessing the long-term impact of conservation agriculture on wheat-based systems in Tunisia using APSIM simulations under a climate change context. Science of the Total Environment, 692, pp. 1223-1233.

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/10157

标题/说明:

Ayoub Fouzai, Maroua Smaoui, Aymen Frija, Boubaker Dhehibi. (5/5/2019). Adoption of Conservation Agriculture Technologies by Smallholder Farmers in the semiarid region of Tunisia: Resource constraints and partial adoption. Journal of New Sciences, 6(1), pp. 105-114.

URL:

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/9988

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