1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Freezing winter cover crops are planted to cover the soil rather than for the purpose of being harvested. They improve soil structure, diversify cropping systems, suppress weeds and pests, and prevent nutrient loss.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In general, cover crops are divided into summer and winter cover crops. They can be used as fodder or as a biogas substrate. However, when left in the field, cover crops support the formation of humus and serve as a source of nutrients for the following crop. Winter cover crops can be divided into winter-hardy and freeze-killed (freezing) cover crops. Choosing the appropriate cover crop depends on its purpose and its position in the crop rotation. Cover crops from the brassica/cruciferous family should be avoided in rotations with oilseed rape (because of increased risk of pests such as clubroot, Sclerotinia or Verticillium), while buckwheat and phacelia are difficult to control in crop rotations with sugar beet. Crops that are used as main crops in a given crop rotation should not be used as cover crops.
Compared to pure stands, mixed stands have the advantage of higher biomass production, rooting density, biodiversity, weed suppression and nutrient availability for the following main crop. Mixed seeds should include at least five types of plant species, including shallow- and deep-rooted species, varieties of freezing and hardy crops that will last over the winter, mycorrhizal species (e.g. phacelia, sunflower) and ruderal species (e.g. legumes, brassica), as well as high growing and soil shading species. Alternatively, monocrops of yellow mustard or oil radish can be grown. However, in this case, ecological benefits are not as high as with mixed stands (LfULG, 2010).
Where appropriate, winter cover crops should be established through direct sowing or mulch sowing. They should be sown immediately after the main crop is harvested (to make maximum use of the remaining growing season and soil moisture). However, delayed sowing (10-14 days) after harvest and stubble cultivation can be beneficial to permit the suppression of weeds and volunteer grain seedlings. Seeding density should be high enough to ensure weed suppression and sufficient biomass development, but not too high, as seed is the main cost of this technology.
To maximize benefits of cover crops, seedbed preparation for the following main crop should be done as late as possible, to avoid mineralization and leaching of nutrients - ideally in combination with the first tillage, for example with the application and incorporation of farm manure at the end of February.
In this documentation we focus on freezing winter cover crops (a mixture of phacelia, buckwheat and sunflower) sown in August/September before the following spring crop (maize). The cover crop is left in the field as ground cover for the winter. It freezes during this period. In spring, the remaining crop residues are worked into the soil by deep tillage. The farmer in our example doesn’t apply this management practice for short-term economic reasons or to fulfill cross-compliance requirements - but rather for the beneficial impact on soil structure, such as reduced bulk density.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2017

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

The farmer decided to apply cover crops to improve soil structure (e.g. reduced bulk density) and diverse its crop rotation.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

Freezing cover crops are planted in autumn and before the main crop silage maize (spring).

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

€

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.91

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

there are no establishment activities needed

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	tillage	autumn, after harvest of preceding crop
2.	sowing	autumn, right after/ a few days after tillage
3.	mulching/seedbed preparation for the main crop	spring, before main crop of the year is planted

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
植物材料	seeds	ha	1.0	65.4	65.4
其它	sowing costs (incl. labour, machinery, diesel)	ha	1.0	68.4	68.4
技术维护所需总成本					133.8
技术维护总成本，美元					147.03

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

78€/ha were covered by the state of Saxony as a subsidy, AL_4 planting of cover crops (SMUL Sachsen, 2015)

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Seeds are the most relevant cost of this technology.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

cambisol (Braunerde)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

GWS: -2m

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The assessment of on-site impacts is based on the response of the interviewed farmer and not based on on-site measurements.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

There are no off-site impacts reported by the farmer as they are difficult to assess for him. However, based on expert knowledge of the compiling team, the most relevant off-site impacts that can be expected have been given.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
其他渐变气候	changing weather conditions	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	好
干旱	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

No implementation costs, only maintenance costs.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

72.7 ha

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

In the past, there have been several subsidy programmes for cover crops. However, these programmes were not continuous and the farmer did thus not adopt the technology because of the payments, but because of the expected benefits of the cover crops.
https://www.landwirtschaft.sachsen.de/anbau-von-zwischenfruechten-und-untersaaten-37212.html

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improvement of the soil structure.
Diversification of the cropping system.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reduction of wind and water erosion.
Mitigate the loss of soluble nutrients.
Suppress weeds and pests.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Potential lack of soil moisture in spring because of water use of the cover crops in autumn/winter.
Lack of nutrients because of nutrient uptake by plants in winter.	This weakness only applies to cover crops that are harvested and not to those that are left on the field and incorporated into soil.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Verband der Landwirtschaftskammern 2012: Zwischenfrüchte für Futternutzung und Gründüngung

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.landwirtschaftskammer.de/riswick/pdf/fb-zwischenfruechte-2012.pdf

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

LfULG 2010: Zwischenfrüchte

URL:

https://publikationen.sachsen.de/bdb/artikel/11856/documents/12569

标题/说明:

Gläser (2021): Boden und Gewässerschutz durch Zwischenfruchtanbau

URL:

https://www.landwirtschaft.sachsen.de/download/Merkblatt_Zwischenfruchtanbau.pdf

标题/说明:

Romdhane S, Spor A, Busset H, Falchetto L, Martin J, Bizouard F, Bru D, Breuil M-C, Philippot L and Cordeau S (2019) Cover Crop Management Practices Rather Than Composition of Cover Crop Mixtures Affect Bacterial Communities in No-Till Agroecosystems. Front. Microbiol. 10:1618.

URL:

https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01618

标题/说明:

Messerschmidt (2022): Die Zwischenfrucht muss weg.

URL:

https://www.digitalmagazin.de/marken/agrarheute/magazin/agrarheute-magazin-2022-2/pflanze-technik/118_die-zwischenfrucht-muss-weg

标题/说明:

SMUL Sachsen (2015): Förderperiode 2014-2020-Art. 28 der Verordnung (EU) Nr. 1305/2013 - Richtlinie Agrarumwelt- und Klimamaßnahmen (RL AUK/2015)- Sächsisches Agrarumwelt- und Naturschutzprogramm (AUNaP)

URL:

https://www.smul.sachsen.de/lfulg/download/AUK-Massnahmen-Ueberblick.pdf