1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Intercropping of grain legumes with cereals is a sustainable agricultural practice in Swiss farming. This involves growing grain legumes (such as peas or beans) alongside cereal crops (like barley or wheat) in the same field, reducing crop failure or yield risk, stabilising the grain legumes, promoting biodiversity and enhancing overall crop yield.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Intercropping of grain legumes with cereals is practised in the Broye catchment area, which covers the cantons of Vaud and Fribourg in Switzerland. The area is characterised by mixed dairy and arable production in the hills and predominantly arable production in the lowlands. The area has an average annual rainfall of 865 mm, an average temperature of 9.6°C and significant agricultural activity relies on irrigation from local rivers.
Intercropping is the simultaneous cultivation of two or more crops in the same field. In this case, grain legumes (such as peas, lupins or faba beans) are grown alongside cereals (such as barley, oats or wheat). The crops are sown together in a pre-prepared mixture, usually at a ratio of 65% legumes to 35% cereals by weight, compared to the standard weight sown in monoculture (100%). The seeds are fully mixed and sown in the same row. Crops are grown over the winter and harvested simultaneously in the spring, which requires compatible combinations whose breeding is continuously optimised for simultaneous ripening. The standard practice in Switzerland is to use a cereal plus a legume.
The main purpose of intercropping grain legumes with cereals is to increase ecological resilience and improve soil fertility. Including legumes in rotations significantly improves soil nitrogen levels, reducing the need for synthetic fertilisers. Intercropping also increases water infiltration, reduces runoff and increases biodiversity. The increase in biodiversity is small in terms of the overall biodiversity of agricultural land (e.g. soil micro-organisms, pollinators). The number of crops grown remains relatively constant. The practice aims to produce higher yields on a given piece of land by using resources that would otherwise not be used by a single crop. The overall yield is higher, although land equivalent ratios (LER) were not measured in this study. However, a cited paper (Chapagain & Riseman, 2014) shows that intercropping barley with peas can increase land productivity by 12-32% compared to monoculture plots, with a 2:1 arrangement producing the highest total land outputs and LER values.
Establishing and maintaining intercropping requires several key activities and inputs: (1) Use of tractors and seed drills for planting and harvesting intercrops. (2) Regular weeding, especially in fields with crops such as soy. (3) Episodic irrigation with water from local irrigation syndicates. (4) Minimal use of fertiliser and homemade manure to maintain soil health.
Intercropping has many benefits: (1) Increases biodiversity, improves soil fertility and increases water infiltration. (2) Reduces the need for synthetic fertilisers, making it economically viable for farmers. (3) Improves drought resistance and reduces the risk of crop failure. (4) Contributes to better water management and resilience to climate change. (5) Surface erosion is reduced by the greater cover of mixed crops (leaf area index).
Farmers appreciate the effectiveness of intercropping in achieving yields similar to monocultures, while adding the benefits of cereals. They also value the reduced need for synthetic fertilisers and improved soil health. However, challenges include seed selection and segregation, particularly for crops such as wheat and faba beans, and weed management in certain fields.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

Only one farmer was interviewed who practices mixed cropping on 4 ha.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

All the plots on the farm are connected to a stream. The farmer tries to irrigate as little as possible, as it's time consuming and expensive. As there was enough rain this year, there was no need to irrigate the fields.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

CHF

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

1.13

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Mixing seeds: For single tank seeders, mix seeds at a ratio of 80% peas and 40% barley. For multi-tank seeders, apply seeds of mixture partners separately.	Before sowing, typically in late summer.
2.	Sowing: Use a row spacing of 12 cm, and place seeds at a depth of 3 to 4 cm.	late october
3.	Assess the mix’s condition after winter.	Spring, depending on winter severity.
4.	Weed Control: Generally not needed due to the competitive nature of the mixed crop. If high weed pressure: Consider harrowing once (2-3 hours per hectare for weeding).	Spring, depending on winter severity.
5.	Harvesting: Adjust harvester sieves for peas. Open threshing concave and hulling bars wide. Maintain low drum rotation. Monitor for grain loss regularly. Adjust Vario-table to an aggressive cutting angle.	Summer.

注释:

Maintenance activities for a mixed intercropping culture of winter peas/barley.

Cultivate the mixed crop only every seventh year in crop rotation. Avoid growing lupins, vetches, lucerne, or pure stands of red clover in between. No nitrogen fertilisation. Irrigation only in very dry years.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Ploughing	person-days	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
劳动力	Sowing the Mixture	person-days	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
劳动力	Weeding	person-hours	3.0	23.0	69.0	100.0
设备	seeder	piece	1.0	10000.0	10000.0	100.0
设备	tractor	piece	1.0	30000.0	30000.0	100.0
设备	harvester	piece	1.0	15000.0	15000.0	100.0
设备	plough	piece	1.0	15000.0	15000.0	100.0
植物材料	Seed mixture protein peas / barley mixture (autumn sowing) organic	kg/ha	200.0	6.0	1200.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					71669.0
技术维护总成本，美元					63423.89

注释:

Normal machinery (tractor, seeder, harvester) can be used. In many cases it is already available on the farm.
Weed control is usually not needed. If there is high weed pressure, harrow or hoe it once.
No nitrogen fertilising for the crop. Irrigation would only be needed in an extremely dry year.
In order to avoid legume fatigue in the soil, only cultivate the mixed crop every seventh year. Also do not grow lupins, vetches, Lucerne or pure stands of red clover in between.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

No exceptional investments are needed as existing machines are used.
The cost of seeds and the seed sorting costs by the mills.
Time and labour required for weeding, which can vary based on crop type.
The demand and price for the crops grown. E.g. soy having higher demand and price compared to peas.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The increasing threat of heavy rainfall events due to climate change enhances the threat of flooding.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Both are in between low and medium, but rather low.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
季节性温度	春季	增加	非常好
季节性温度	夏季	增加	好
季节性温度	秋季	增加	好
季节性温度	冬季	增加	非常好
季雨量	春季	增加	好
季雨量	夏季	减少	不好
季雨量	秋季	减少	适度
季雨量	冬季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地雷暴	好
局地雹灾	适度

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	适度
寒潮	好
干旱	不好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	好

注释:

In a very dry summer with limited irrigation, competition for water availability between the two species in the mix can lead to poor crop quality at harvest.
In the event of a very cold winter and poor legume growth, the technology has the advantage of allowing the farmer to apply fertiliser and still harvest cereals at the end of the season, reducing the risk of crop failure.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 11-50%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 不断变化的市场

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Decrease for market reasons (barley has low market price) & more adapted varieties (pea varieties that are more resistant to wind damage).

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Mixed cropping works very well, providing both legume and cereal yields.
Certain crops, like oats, help suppress weeds, reducing the need for additional weeding. Thus saving costs (PPPs & labour) and reducing workload (hours of weeding).
Legumes contribute to nitrogen fixation, improving soil fertility for subsequent crops.
Mixed cropping reduces the risk of total crop failure, as one crop can compensate if the other underperforms.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
If one crop fails, the other can still provide a harvest, ensuring some yield.
Mixed cropping can produce more biomass on the same land compared to monocultures.
It enhances soil diversity, supports pollinators, and contributes to nitrogen enrichment.
Good market price for protein peas. Additionally, the farmer receives a subsidy for grain legumes (including protein peas), if the harvest contains at least 30% grain legume seeds. In addition, the cantons of Jura and Vaud pay cantonal contributions to farmers who cultivate mixed crops. The farmers can also get extra payments by the organic farmer organisation Bio Suisse if certain grain legume species of high demand are cultivated (see Agridea Deckungsbeitrag catalogue for more information).

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Legumes are not growing well due to a cold winter.	Adding fertilizer can help growing the cereal and enables the farmer to still harvest something.
Water competition in a dry summer results in a bad crop quality.	Ensure efficient irrigation to reduce competition for water between mixed crops.
Barley has a very low market value.	Choose crop varieties that are better adapted to market demands.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
During drought stress, competition for water between the two crops can occur, leading to potential yield losses or low quality yield.	Use drought-tolerant varieties or species with deep roots for mixed cropping. This can help reduce competition for water and improve resilience during dry periods.
Limited market demand for certain crops like barley.	Focus on crops with higher market demand.
Need for minimal fertilization in mixed cropping can reduce yield quality of cereals like barley.	Implement targeted fertilization strategies to balance the needs of both crops.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Huss, C. P., Holmes, K. D., & Blubaugh, C. K. (2022). Benefits and risks of intercropping for crop resilience and pest management. Journal of Economic Entomology, 115(5), 1350–1362. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac045

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Klaiss, M. (2021). Intercropping of grain pea with cereals (Legumes Translated Practice Note 17, S. 1–4). Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL. https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/42384/

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Alföldi, T., Haug, B., Messmer, M., Goldringer, I., Forst, E., Mary-Huard, T., Enjalbert, J., & Hohmann, P. (2020). Mischkulturen Erbsen/Gerste - Braucht es eine eigene Züchtung? EU-Projekt ReMIX (Video). Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau FiBL, CH-Frick. Retrieved 31 July, 2024, from https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/37276/

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Haug, B., Messmer, M., Enjalbert, J., Goldringer, I., Flutre, T., Mary-Huard, T., & Hoh-mann, P. (2023). New insights towards breeding for mixed cropping of spring pea and bar-ley to increase yield and yield stability. Field Crops Research, 297, 108923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108923

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Hiltbrunner J., Wüst S., Blatter A., Vonzun S., Klaiss M., Messmer M. (2023). Optimierung des Mischkultursystems Erbse-Gerste zur Sicherung der lokalen Eiweissversorgung. Feld-rundgänge & Präsentation Projekt PROMISE 2023. Agroscope. Stiegenhof, Arenenberg, Utzenstorf & Sargans. https://ira.agroscope.ch/de-CH/publication/53643

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Vonzun S., Blatter A., Wüst S., Hiltbrunner J., Schneider M., Messmer M. (2023). Investi-gating mixed cropping systems with pea and lentils for climate-smart and demand oriented agriculture. Fourth International Legume Society Conference 2023. 19 September, Granada. https://ira.agroscope.ch/de-CH/publication/55455

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL. (2017). Erfolgreicher Anbau von Körnerleguminosen in Mischkultur mit Getreide.

URL:

https://www.fibl.org/en/shop-en/1670-koernerleguminosen-mischkulturen

标题/说明:

FiBLFilm. (2020, May 6). Increasing domestic protein supply with intercropping - Diverimpacts success story from Switzerland [Video file].

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BadrJW-b_2g

标题/说明:

FiBLFilm. (2015, September 29). Anbau von Mischkulturen (Colture consociate) - Körnerleguminosen Getreide [Video file].

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAYNXCw2CiE

标题/说明:

Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL. (2024). FiBL projects Grain legumes intercropped with cereals and other partners.

URL:

https://www.fibl.org/de/themen/huelsenfruechte/huelsenfruechte-projekte

标题/说明:

Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL. (2024). Deckungsbeiträge. Praxispublikationen.

URL:

https://www.fibl.org/de/shop/1104-deckungsbeitraege