1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia – Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Maribor (KGZS) - 斯洛文尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Riparian buffer strips are vegetative zones alongside watercourses. In compliance with EU and Slovenia’s Acts, these protective strips reduce soil erosion, filter pollutants, improve water quality, enhance biodiversity and support climate resilience.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Riparian buffer strips are applied alongside all watercourses and drainage ditches in Slovenia. These buffer zones are legally mandated under the Water Act and GAEC 4 conditionality standards within the EU CAP 2023-2027 framework. Strips, of 3-15 m wide depending on size of the watercourse, serve as transition zones between cultivated fields and waterways, mitigating the impact of agriculture on aquatic ecosystems and surrounding environments.
Strips must comprise grasses, clover, alfalfa, native shrubs, and/or trees. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers is banned, as are pesticides and herbicides. Deep ploughing is prohibited, but surface tillage is allowed for maintenance and sowing (especially if the buffer strip is classified as agricultural land). Grazing is permitted, but with specific restrictions. If the farmer does not maintain the buffer strip, the area is excluded from the system of agricultural land in use and becomes ineligible for any subsidies.
The main purpose of riparian buffer strips is to protect and improve water quality, prevent soil erosion, and support biodiversity. By intercepting surface runoff, they reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticide contamination from agricultural land. The dense vegetation stabilizes riverbanks. The strips also enhance habitat connectivity for wildlife, providing nesting sites and food sources. Additionally, they play a role in flood mitigation by reducing the speed of stormwater runoff and thus improving water infiltration and retention.
To establish and maintain riparian buffer strips, an initial assessment of existing vegetation and soil determines whether additional planting is needed. If the area lacks sufficient vegetation, direct seeding with suitable species is carried out. Maintenance usually involves mowing, mulching, and occasional pruning. Pruning refers to the removal of overgrown trees and shrubs along the riverbank to prevent spreading onto agricultural land. This work typically requires tools such as a chainsaw and a tractor with a trailer for removing the cut woody material. Farmers must also comply with monitoring and reporting requirements under CAP regulations.
The benefits of riparian buffer strips are primarily environmental. By filtering pollutants before they enter watercourses, they contribute to cleaner water, reduced eutrophication, and improved aquatic ecosystems. They help maintain land productivity in the long term, reducing the need for costly interventions such as dredging or erosion control measures. The vegetation within the strips absorbs carbon, contributing to climate mitigation efforts. Additionally, by complying with regulations, farmers gain access to CAP subsidies and other environmental incentives, making implementation more financially viable.
Despite these advantages, land users have mixed opinions about such strips. Some farmers appreciate the additional forage production, and others find that the buffer zones serve as useful access paths around their fields, making machinery operation easier. However, many landowners dislike the loss of productive farmland, particularly those near first-order watercourses, where wider buffer strips are required. The loss of cultivated land can result in lower crop yields and income reductions, with farms experiencing up to a 6.2% decrease in arable land and financial losses estimated at 7,448 € per farm annually (Lešnik et al. 2024). Some farmers express concerns about the complexity of legal requirements and the costs associated with compliance and maintenance.
While riparian buffer strips are essential for environmental sustainability, their impact on farm economics must be carefully considered. Future strategies may involve flexible width requirements or integration with agroforestry systems to maximize their benefits while minimizing financial burdens.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

• due to the legislative requirements of agricultural and water policy.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

The area is generally classified as agricultural land but functions as a buffer zone along water bodies. Fodder crops are typically grown and either harvested for feed or mulched. In some cases, the area may be used for grazing livestock, although this is relatively rare.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）
• 湿地保护/管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

It is considered a vegetative measure because it relies primarily on the establishment and management of permanent vegetation such as grasses, legumes (e.g., clover, alfalfa), shrubs, and trees.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

EUR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.87

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Purchase grass seed mixture	1st year
2.	Pre-sowing preparation and sowing	1st year

注释:

Select grass species or mixtures adapted to local soil and climatic conditions. Minimal soil disturbance recommended; shallow cultivation to ensure proper seed-soil contact.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Own labor	hour	3.0	9.0	27.0	100.0
劳动力	Pre-sowing preparation and sowing	hour	3.0	35.0	105.0	100.0
植物材料	Grass seed mixture	kg/ha	16.412	5.6	91.91	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					223.91
技术建立总成本，美元					257.37

注释:

Labor and pre-sowing preparation and sowing also include travel time between sites. The total size of the farm is 31,2 hectares. An area of 4103 m² falls under the restricted buffer strip zone at his farm.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Mulching/mowing	2 times per year
2.	Pruning and clearing of overgrowth	1 time, winter time

注释:

4103 m² of agricultural land represents the buffer strips that the farmer actively manages and maintains. Pruning or cutting of woody vegetation, such as trees or shrubs, when they begin to encroach on agricultural land near the riverbank. Farmers typically carry out this work in winter, but it is difficult to estimate the cost, as it can vary significantly depending on the extent of overgrowth.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Mulching/mowing	hours	6.0	32.0	192.0	100.0
劳动力	Pruning and clearing of overgrowth	hours	4.0	4.5	18.0	100.0
劳动力	Own labor	hours	10.0	9.0	90.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					300.0
技术维护总成本，美元					344.83

注释:

Opportunity costs were calculated based on the loss of arable land due to the establishment of buffer zones in 2024 on Farm Ropic (total farm size: 32,2 ha, of which 28,6 ha is arable land). The planned crop rotation for that year included wheat, oil pumpkins, barley, and maize. The income foregone represents the estimated revenue that could have been generated from these crops on the area now designated as buffer strips (a total of 4103 m² of arable land).
The estimated income losses by crop type are:
Winter wheat: 113.52 €
Oil pumpkin: 396.80 €
Winter barley: 120.60 €
Grain maize: 68.04 €.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Exact costs are difficult to estimate as they depend heavily on the specific location. If regular maintenance, such as mulching/mowing, is carried out, annual costs remain low, and pruning and clearing of overgrowth work is likely unnecessary. Costs are calculated for farm Ropič.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

There are depressions, settlements are in the valley, concave type.

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Hydromelioration was carried out in the area, a drainage system and water retention systems (e.g. ponds and basins) were arranged.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

具体说明:

Based on national legal system.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The data provided are not based on direct measurements but are derived from statements by the land user (farmer) and expert judgement from an agricultural adviser. They reflect practical experience and informed estimates rather than measured field data.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The data provided are not based on direct measurements but are derived from statements by the land user (farmer) and expert judgement from an agricultural adviser. They reflect practical experience and informed estimates rather than measured field data.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
季节性温度	夏季	增加	适度
季节性温度	春季	增加	适度
季节性温度	秋季	增加	适度
季节性温度	冬季	增加	适度
季雨量	夏季	增加	非常好
季雨量	春季	增加	非常好
季雨量	秋季	减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	非常好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	非常好
山洪暴发	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Establishment costs are high, including soil preparation, seeding, and potential fencing, while the loss of productive land immediately reduces farm income. Subsidies may offset some costs, but they do not fully compensate for the initial financial impact. In a long-term benefits such as improved soil stability, water quality, and flood protection reduce future expenses. Over time, subsidies, reduced erosion, and potential fodder production help balance the initial investment.

Maintenance costs, such as mowing or mulching and tree maintenance, add labor and equipment expenses, but the absence of fertilizer and pesticide costs helps balance them. Subsidies for maintaining buffer strips further offset these recurrent costs, keeping short-term financial impact neutral. Once vegetation is established, maintenance costs decrease, requiring only occasional mowing or grazing. Over time, benefits like erosion control, improved soil health, and reduced flood damage outweigh the minimal upkeep expenses, making the practice economically sustainable.

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

All farmers in the area must comply with the implementation of riparian buffer strips as part of the GAEC 4 standard under CAP conditionality. This means that all agricultural land users with fields adjacent to watercourses are required to establish and maintain these protective strips, ensuring compliance with national and EU environmental regulations.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

CAP

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The requirements for riparian buffer strips have been updated to align with GAEC 4 conditionality and the EU Strategic Plan Regulation. The establishment of buffer strips is now mandatory along first-order watercourses (15 m wide), second-order watercourses (5 m wide), and drainage ditches (3 m wide).
Within these buffer zones, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers, as well as plant protection products (PPPs), is strictly prohibited. Ploughing is not allowed, but shallow tillage is permitted for maintenance (mowing, mulching, or grazing) and for preparing soil for sowing approved crops.
The buffer strips can be covered with grass, grass-legume mixtures, clover, alfalfa, naturally occurring vegetation, shrubs, or trees. Livestock grazing is permitted but must not alter the structure of the riverbank. Animals cannot be supplementary fed within the buffer zones and must be provided drinking water only at designated, controlled locations in small groups to minimize environmental impact.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Buffer strips stabilize soil and prevent erosion.
They reduce the impact of flooding on agricultural land.
Less leaching of nutrients and plant protection products into water.
Additional turning point and driving path for machines.
Establishing and maintaining buffer strips can qualify farmers for financial incentives and support programs.
Additional shelters for wildlife.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
These buffers effectively filter out nutrients, pesticides, and sediments from agricultural runoff, thereby enhancing the quality of nearby water bodies.
By stabilizing stream banks, riparian buffers reduce soil erosion, preserving valuable topsoil and maintaining land productivity.
They provide critical habitats for various wildlife species, promoting biodiversity and creating wildlife corridors in agricultural landscapes.
Riparian buffer strips contribute to ecosystem services like carbon sequestration and pollination, supporting broader environmental goals.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The buffer zones are too wide, significantly reducing cultivated land area, which negatively impacts crop yields and farm income.	Increase subsidies and financial incentives for farmers to compensate for the loss of productive land within riparian buffer strips.
Maintenance tasks such as mowing, mulching, or controlled grazing require extra labor and resources and establishing buffer strips involves expenses for seeds, machinery, soil preparation, and potential fencing.	Provide additional payments for ongoing maintenance activities or investment support to offset initial establishment costs.
The legislation and administrative requirements are complex, involving numerous regulations that farmers find difficult to understand and follow.	Provide more accessible, user-friendly information, along with targeted advisory services and educational programs to help farmers better navigate these rules.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
In certain conditions, the redirected flow of water due to buffer strips may weaken streambanks, leading to erosion and land loss.	Designing buffer zones with appropriate vegetation, width and adapted to local conditions, and regularly monitoring the situation.
Over time, buffer strips can become saturated with nutrients, reducing their effectiveness and possibly turning them into sources of pollution.	Regular vegetation management, harvesting or removal of biomass to prevent nutrient accumulation. Crop rotation or periodic rejuvenation of buffer zone vegetation to maintain its filtering capacity.
Proper upkeep involves tasks like weed control, pruning, replanting, and protection against wildlife, increasing the workload for farmers.	Provide farmers with targeted financial support or subsidies for maintenance tasks, promote low-maintenance vegetation species, and offer technical assistance or training in efficient management practices.
Initial setup requires investment in planting, while ongoing maintenance demands additional labor and resources.	Offer financial incentives, subsidies, or cost-sharing programs to cover initial establishment expenses, and provide ongoing support or training to minimize labor and maintenance costs.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Cole, L. J., Stockan, J., & Helliwell, R. (2020). Managing riparian buffer strips to optimise ecosystem services: A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 296, 106891.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106891

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Macleod, C. J. A., Haygarth, P. M., et al. (2022). Impacts of different vegetation in riparian buffer strips on runoff and suspended sediment loss. Environmental Research Communications, 4(1), 015001.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac3c2b

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Dlamini, J. C., Cardenas, L. M., Tesfamariam, E. H., Dunn, R. M., Loick, N., Charteris, A. F., Cocciaglia, L., Vangeli, S., Blackwell, M. S. A., Upadhayay, H. R., et al. (2022). Riparian buffer strips influence nitrogen losses as nitrous oxide and leached N from upslope permanent pasture. Agriculture, Ecosystems &

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108031

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Lešnik, T., Bogovič, D., Pokupec, D., & Borec, A. (2024). The impact of riparian zones along rivers under the new CAP in Slovenia. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 25(4), 1185–1192.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.5513/JCEA01/25.4.4348

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food. (2024). Unified Application 2024: Guidelines for the implementation of interventions under the Strategic Plan of the Common Agricultural Policy 2023–2027. Ljubljana, Slovenia.

URL:

https://www.kgzs.si/uploads/eiv24/NAVODILA%201/00_VELIKA_NAVODILA_2024_-_CELOTA_-_28_5_24.pdf