1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

University of Bern, Institute of Geography (GIUB) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The riparian zone is the buffer area between a watercourse and the adjacent land. Healthy riparian ecosystems stabilise the banks, maintain the microclimate, protect against flooding, filter chemicals and improve both biodiversity and water quality.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In the 19th and early 20th centuries nearly all Swiss rivers were "corrected" (straightened, channelised and diked) to reduce flood damage and reclaim land for agriculture. In the late 20th century the adverse effects of these corrections became increasingly clear, and there was a paradigm shift towards more sustainable river management. There are many current “revitalization” projects, among them the restoration of the Petite Glâne, which started in 2022 and is expected to be completed in 2026. The project perimeter consists of the last 7 kilometres of the Petite Glâne stream and the costs are estimated at CHF 21.5 million.
The main characteristics of revitalization are widening the riverbed and reducing the slopes of the riverbanks, thus giving the river space for meandering and changing the morphology in a natural way. Where riparian forests do not occur naturally anymore, it can make sense to re-establish them so that biodiversity can flourish. The planting of trees and bushes gives many animals a habitat and can serve as a wildlife corridor between different areas. Additionally, shading of the water reduces its temperature fluctuations which - especially in summer - is important to many species that are dependent on cold water for their survival. With climate change this threat will become even worse. The main purpose of revitalization is to recreate near-natural conditions in artificially straightened reaches to ensure provision of riparian ecosystem services.
Considerable planning is involved in implementing this technology in Switzerland partly because of legal reasons (watercourses are closely protected and land rights require negotiation) and because effects on downstream areas need to be taken into account. Depending on the length of the river segment where riparian forests are to be restored, there are many stakeholders involved, all of whom need to give their approval: this takes time and effort. Inputs are mostly in the form of trees and bushes. Depending on the degree of revitalization, built-up river sections need to be freed again and infrastructure like bridges, buildings and roads may be affected. In theory, there is no maintenance necessary because revitalized rivers are intended to reassume their natural form and be surrounded by natural vegetation. Nevertheless, in a highly modified and intensely used landscape, the cutting of grass and pruning of trees/bushes on a regular basis can be required. Wood harvesting may be an option. Driftwood might also have to be removed if there is danger of flooding or clogging of bottlenecks – for example under bridges.
Revitalization, theoretically, has larger effects on smaller rivers than on bigger ones due to a greater proportion of land draining into them compared to their size. Additionally, shading has larger effects on the water temperature of smaller rivers. Benefits accruing are mainly in regard to habitat provision and thus biodiversity enhancement, but also improvement of water quality (lower temperatures, less nutrient input) and water management in general as flooding is expected to be less frequent. A key disadvantage is that the measures are often implemented at the expense of agricultural land. Naturally, farmers are usually unhappy about the loss of land - even though alternative agricultural plots and direct payments are provided. In general, however, people appreciate the improvement in the quality of life (a pleasanter area for leisure) and improved biodiversity.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2022

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The communities wanted to improve the current situation with respect to the threat of flooding through more extreme rain events, and for improving the biodiversity in the area.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 降低灾害风险
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理
• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

CHF

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.98

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	communication (with communities etc.) and looking for sponsoring	2018
2.	completion of studies	2018
3.	survey/planning/project execution	2018
4.	Delays due to the Corona pandemic, start of reconstruction was originally planned for 2020
5.	search for company	2022
6.	implementation	2022-2025

注释:

This list is basically a list of the different steps that are involved in any project and show how long it took from first thinking about implementing the revitalization until now realizing. The implementation is not bound to any season and expected to be carried out continuously.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	engineers, purchase of land		1.0	3000000.0	3000000.0
植物材料	trees, small structures		30000.0	100.0	3000000.0
施工材料	terracing, bridges		1.0	15000000.0	15000000.0
其它	unexpected		1.0	500000.0	500000.0
技术建立所需总成本					21500000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					21938775.51

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

80% are paid by the federal government, 20% by the adjacent municipalities and local sponsors.

注释:

The total cost is known and a broad estimation possible of how much is used for what but it was not possible to break it down into more detail because it is a big project and many stakeholders involved.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Checking riverbed	every 2-3 years
2.	Mowing of grass	1-2 per year
3.	Cutting/ pruning of trees	every 5-10 years (usually around 30% of the area at once)
4.	General maintenance period	2025-2028
5.	Follow-up, control of revitalization effects	2038

注释:

Grass needs to be cut 1-2 times a year. The other maintenance activities are not required so frequently. The watercourse must be checked every 2-3 years and every 5-10 years the trees may have to be cut. When cutting the trees 1/3 of the area should be done at once but not more to not disturb wildlife too much and give it space to retreat to. None of these activities are bound to any particular season. During the first 3 years after the finalization of the project, maintenance work will be carried out (checking if everything is still okay, how the river behaves, if plants grow, etc.).

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

The project is not yet in a phase in which the costs for maintenance can be estimated because the implementation hasn't yet started and will not finish before 2025. Also, it depends on how much of the maintenance can be done by the farmers of the adjacent lands and how much will need to be done through community workers which would increase costs.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most expensive feature of this project is the volume of earth that will be removed from the now steep riverbanks to widen the riverbed. The earth removed will directly be used again for small hills and what is not used directly in the riparian zone will be distributed on the agriculturally used fields next to the rivers. Also, there are several bridges that cross the Petite Glâne, and by enlarging the riverbed the bridges need to be rebuilt as well - which drives up the price greatly.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The increasing threat of heavy rainfall events due to climate change enhances the threat of flooding which is why the revitalization is being implemented. Through enlargement of the riverbed and increasing surface roughness through vegetation, flooding of adjacent agricultural areas is expected to be less frequent. The effect of the plants directly on water quality/quantity are expected to be minor.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Both are between low and medium, but low rather than medium.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The land users now are farmers that rent or own the land. For implementing the technology the lease agreement was terminated and the land up to now owned by the farmers has been bought by the communities.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

lease agreement

注释:

Where possible farmers got other areas to substitute for that lost by implementing the revitalization

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

Observations, measurements and projections

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Observations, measurements and projections

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地雷暴	好
局地雹灾	适度

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	适度
干旱	适度

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	非常好
山洪暴发	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The short term benefits (1-3 years after implementation) are considered positive as the technology shows positive effects on ecosystem services (e.g. flood protection) within a short period of time despite the high establishment costs.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

注释:

The communities were initiating the revitalization and did not do so before finding sponsors and subventions

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Less flooding
Small improvement in soil quality

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Biodiversity
Positive measure against warming waters
Improvement of the landscape and therefore of the quality for recreational purposes
Flood protection

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Loss of agricultural land	Exchange of plots (next to river taken; elsewhere, another given) Financial compensation

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High costs	Sponsoring/subsidies needed

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.4 一般注释

The municipality owns the land that is now used by the farmers. To make up for the lost land the municipality provided other plots for them to use. Nevertheless, the total loss of agricultural land amounts to 11 ha.