技术

Soil and Water Conservation Channels [乌干达]

Emirongooti

technologies_711 - 乌干达

完整性: 90%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Tear Fund Switzerland (Tear Fund Switzerland) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题,导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术?:

注释:

So far, where this technology has been applied, the water runoff has been reduced, water retention increased and soils trapped

1.5 参考关于SLM方法(使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法)的调查问卷

Catchment Based Integrated Water Resources Management
approaches

Catchment Based Integrated Water Resources Management [乌干达]

Catchment based integrated water resources management is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximise economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital eco systems

  • 编制者: Philip Tibenderana

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A soil and water conservation channel is an excavated trench along the contour with tie bands after an interval to trap water and soil which are being washed down the slopes by a downpour

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology is applied in already existing degraded farmlands, which are individually owned. An average farm size is less than half an acre.

A typical soil and water conservation channel is a trench 1m wide, 1m deep and with tie bands (1m wide to avoid flow of water along the trench) at intervals of 10m along the contour. The excavated soil is used piled up into an earth bund next to the trench at lower side and stabilized by planting hedge rows of "Starria grass" to avoid erosion.

This technology reduces the speed of water running down the slope during a downpour and traps the water and soil that is being washed thereby reducing soil erosion and increasing water retention.

Areas which are prone to degradation by erosion are identified and later, the farmers are trained on benefits of this technology, how to set out the technology by use of the ‘A – frame’, how to construct the channels and how to maintain them by periodic de-silting and planting grasses and shrubs on the bands.

The 'A - Frame' is an A shaped structure made from wooden poles or thin metal poles that can be easily constructed and used to peg flat or graded contours or water drains.

This technology helps maintain the good top soil, which would have otherwise been washed down the slope into the valley and increases water retention.

The land users like this technology because their soil is not lost but what they dislike about this technology is that it is labour intensive, setting it out is technical and not easily conceptualized and it takes part of the land. Individual land users excavate these channels in their individual plots of land using simple hand tools like hoes, spades and pick axes.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

乌干达

区域/州/省:

South Western Region

有关地点的进一步说明:

Rubaya Sub County, Kabale District

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
注释:

rotational systems (crop rotation, fallows, shifting cultivation)
improved ground/ vegetation cover
integrated soil fertility management

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2015

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

The technology was introduced under the Integrated Water Resources Management Project to support farmers to mazimise land productivity

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 多年一作(非木材)
每年的生长季节数:
  • 2
具体说明:

September to January and March to June

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 轮作制度(轮作、休耕、轮垦)
  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
  • V2:草和多年生草本植物
结构措施

结构措施

  • S3:分级沟渠、渠道、水道

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
  • Wm:块体运动/滑坡

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

作者:

Kigezi Diocese Water and Sanitation Programme

日期:

12/12/2016

作者:

Kigezi Diocese Water and Sanitation Programme

日期:

12/12/2016

作者:

Kigezi Diocese Water and Sanitation Programme

日期:

12/12/2016

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:
  • 每个技术单元
指定单位:

Per acre (each acre usually has 150meters of channels)

具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元
如相关,注明美元与当地货币的汇率(例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔):1美元=:

3300.0

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

USD 2.12

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Setting out the soil and water conservation channel using the A-frame to set out the contour lines After harvest of crops
2. Excavation of the soil and water conservation channel and build up soil bund on the lower side of the trench; leave a tie band every 10 meters In the dry season
3. Planting of hedge rows on the bands On the onset of rains

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Setting out meter 150.0 0.02 3.0 100.0
劳动力 Excavation of the channels meter 150.0 1.06 159.0 100.0
劳动力 Planting starria grass meter 150.0 0.02 3.0 100.0
设备 Forked hoes (1 piece can excavate 1km) meter 6.67 5.0 33.35
设备 Pick axes (1 piece can excavate 1km) meter 6.67 5.0 33.35
设备 Spades (1 piece can be used on 1km) meter 6.67 5.0 33.35
植物材料 Starria grass (1 sack for 20m) sacks 7.5 7.0 52.5
技术建立所需总成本 317.55
技术建立总成本,美元 0.1
如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%,请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Kigezi Diocese Water and Sanitation Programme

注释:

The land users, after being trained, set out the soil and water conservation channels for themselves but the tools are beyond the financial capacity of the land user hence the need for subsidy

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. De-silting the channels and spreading the silt on the fields and restoring the bunds When half full
2. Maintenance of the hedge rows by triming and replanting empty spaces Continuous

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Desilting of channels (when half full) meter 1.0 0.265 0.27 100.0
劳动力 Trimming of hedge rows (100m per day) days 1.0 0.0212 0.02 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 0.29
注释:

The initial investment of the equipment is adequate for maintenance at least for some years

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The costs have been calculated basing on depth of top soil of 51 – 80cm. When the depth of the top soil is shallow, then the costs of breaking the underlying sub-surface layers, which are usually rock, are much higher. Also during the rainy season, the soil is more workable

The costs of maintenance will be less where the rest of the landscape also has conservation channels, has good vegetative cover and where the hill slope is gentle.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

Bi-modal rainfall pattern with long rainy season from September to December then March to May

注明所考虑的参考气象站名称:

Kabale District Meterological Department

农业气候带
  • 半湿润

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
说明该技术是否专门应用于:
  • 不相关

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
土壤质地(地表以下> 20厘米):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

> 50米

地表水的可用性:

水质(未处理):

不良饮用水(需要处理)

水的盐度有问题吗?:

该区域正在发生洪水吗?:

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quantity and quality is dependent on human activities and rainfall patterns

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
  • 中等
栖息地多样性:
  • 中等

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

定栖或游牧:
  • 定栖的
生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
性别:
  • 女人
  • 男人
土地使用者的年龄:
  • 青年人
  • 中年人

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,未命名
土地使用权:
  • 个人
用水权:
  • 社区(有组织)

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

The impacts are seen immediately after the first crop

作物质量

降低
增加

饲料生产

降低
增加

饲料质量

降低
增加

生产故障风险

增加
降低

生产区域

降低
增加

土地管理

妨碍
简化
收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低

农业收入

降低
增加

收入来源的多样性

降低
增加

工作量

增加
降低

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良

健康状况

恶化
改良

社区机构

削弱
加强

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

冲突缓解

恶化
改良

生态影响

水循环/径流

地表径流

增加
降低

地下水位/含水层

下降
补水
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低

土壤堆积

降低
增加

土壤有机物/地下C

降低
增加
减少气候和灾害风险

洪水影响

增加
降低

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

水资源可用性

降低
增加

下游洪水

增加
减少

对邻近农田的破坏

增加
减少

对公共/私人基础设施的破坏

增加
减少

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加 未知
季节性温度 湿季/雨季 增加 未知
季节性温度 旱季 增加 未知
年降雨量 减少
季雨量 湿季/雨季 减少

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨
局地雷暴
局地雹灾
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
陆地火灾
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 非常好
山洪暴发 非常好
滑坡
生物灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
流行病 适度
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰 未知

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

注释:

The adoption rate of this technology is gradual as people keep appreciating the benefits

6.5 技术采用

  • 1-10%
在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?:

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
1) It controls soil loss from the land users garden
2) It provides silt which is spread in their garden
3) Hedge rows are used as fodder and as mulching material
4) The conserved water is used to benefit the plants in the same garden
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
1) It improves water percolation in the soil which increases soil moisture content and increases ground water recharge
2) It is a simple technology which uses simple hand tools
3) It reduces conflicts related to land being washed into the neighbours plot since land is fragmented

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
1) This technology requires a lot of hard labour The land users were encouraged to form small groups which work together to ease the work and share knowledge and skill
2) Land users feel that the channels take up alot of their land, which would otherwise be used for growing crops The land users have been helped to appreciate the benefits of the technology in making the seemingly smaller land more productive
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
1) This technology is dependent on land users continued efforts in de-silting and maintenance of the hedge rows. When this is not done the technology fails Land users are encouraged to periodically desilt the channels
2) The effectiveness of this technology is dependent on the compliance of other land users in the landscape. For example if it is done downhill and not uphill, then the channels will be overwhelmed by the volume of the soil and water runoff All community members were sensitised on the importance and effectiveness of this technology and existing by-laws will foster members uphill to practice the technology. The benefits of the technology will encourage other land users to adopt it
3) The process of maintaining and rolling out this technology requires engagement of many stakeholders Management structures, which are well linked with government structures, have been set up and trained at various levels to manage the process of maintaining and rolling out the technology

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

  • 实地考察、实地调查

Observation field visits to the different land users

  • 与土地使用者的访谈

Focus group discussion with 18 land users

  • 与SLM专业人员/专家的访谈

Interviews with programme (KDWSP) staff

  • 根据报告和其他现有文档进行编译

Information gathered from programme progress reports and Ministry of Water and Environment Documentation

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

07/09/2016

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kigezi Diocese Water and Sanitation Programme, IWRM Annual Report (April 2015 - March 2016)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

www.kigezi-watsan.ug

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

IWRM Pilot report 2013

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

www.kigezi-watsan.ug

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Handbook of chennel design for soil and water conservation

URL:

www.worldwidehelpers.org

标题/说明:

Soil conservation handbook

URL:

www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/wntsc/H&H/TRsTPs/TP61.pdf

标题/说明:

Soil conservation

URL:

http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0321e/t0321e-10.htm

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