1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Land Use Based Mitigation for Resilient Climate Pathways (LANDMARC)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

AMBIENTA Ingeniería y Servicios Agrarios y Forestales S.L. (AMBIENTA) - 西班牙

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Degraded or abandoned agricultural land is under restoration in an area with a mediterranean climate, and a high risk of desertification. Plantations are based on indigenous forest species, mainly holm oak and cork oak, to ensure a sustainable mature forest in the future.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In Spanish, the "Program for Reforestation of Degraded Agricultural Lands" refers to the concept of "reforestación," which is typically translated into English as "afforestation." This can sometimes lead to translation issues. To ensure the term remains as close as possible to the original program's intent, the English term "reforestation" has been chosen.
Degraded or abandoned agricultural land is under restoration in rural areas in the West and South of the Iberian Peninsula. Here, there is a high risk and incidence of desertification. Reforestation – meaning restoring the original trees of the area - is a nature-based solution that contributes to the rehabilitation of degraded areas. The main objective is to reclaim land, mainly in rural environments, and to give it a second life capable of providing ecosystem and forest services.
Reforestation contributes to soil recovery, the increase of biodiversity associated with forest ecosystems, carbon sequestration and storage, the improvement of the landscape and the regulation of the hydrological cycle. Furthermore, in the arid areas of the West and South of the Iberian Peninsula, it provides a brake on the advance of desertification.
In order to carry out the reforestation, a technical reforestation project must be planned that includes species adapted to the environment which can accelerate the process of transforming the reforested area from a degraded area to a climax forest. Thus, plantations are based on indigenous forest species, mainly holm oak (Quercus ilex) and cork oak (Quercus suber), to ensure a sustainable mature forest in the future. The forest species, the planting framework, the soil preparation work, the design of the plantation, the planting season, the forest nursery from which the plants will be brought, and whether or not irrigation is required for planting are selected. It is necessary to design the maintenance work during the years after planting to ensure the long-term success of the reforestation.
It is important to have an adequate long-term reforestation plan that includes proper planting and maintenance in the subsequent years. This requires a sufficient budget to cope with the work, which includes forestry personnel and specialised machinery. In addition, the forest reproductive material used must come from nurseries where the origin of the plants is known and certified.
The advantages for land managers are many, mainly related to landscape and ecosystem restoration and erosion control. It can also provide landowners with added value in terms of an income based on livestock or forestry management, or in terms of carbon credits. As for the more negative aspects, it is a technology that requires economic investment and perseverance over the years, as it cannot be implemented quickly. Thus, most of the objectives are only fully achieved after several decades of effort and dedication.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1996

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

• European subsidies

注释（项目类型等）:

Reforestation programme for degraded agricultural land. EAFRD funds.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 减缓气候变化及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林牧业

注释:

Reforestation programme for degraded agricultural land. EAFRD funds. Planting with climactic species following criteria of forest restoration with native climactic species.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林牧业

注释:

The agricultural land had been abandoned

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

They used to be rainfed agricultural lands and now reforestation only uses natural rainfall.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理
• 森林种植管理
• 农业林学

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Reforestation programme for degraded agricultural land. Planting with climactic species following criteria of forest restoration with native climactic species.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

EUR

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Soil preparation for planting	Autumn-Winter
2.	Plants and seeds travel from nursery to farm	Winter
3.	Planting trees	Winter
4.	Protection for plants	Winter
5.	First irrigation for support plants	Spring- Summer
6.	Maintenance planting	Winter year 2-4-6-8-10

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算建立该技术所需要的总成本。:

2999.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Subsidies from the Extremadura Regional Government, Spanish Government and EU (FEADER)

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:

3000.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Subsidies from the Extremadura Regional Government, Spanish Government and EU (FEADER)

注释:

3000 €/ha (reforestation) + 1000 €/ha (maintenance every 2 years)

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Working personnel and plant protection

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Reforestation of degraded agricultural land can be carried out on flat, undulating land or on slopes with a gradient of up to 30%, with appropriate soil management and preparation measures. For slopes steeper than 30%, terracing is used, but this is not the case for this SLM.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

pH (Extracto suelo/agua 1/2,5) 5,93 5,5 - 8,6 - PNT-Suelos-01
Conductividad (Extracto 1/5) (μS/cm) 22,5 200 - PNT-Suelos-02
Fósforo (ppm P) 21,11 11 20 - 30 - PNT-Suelos-03
Calcio (meq Ca / 100 g. suelo) 4,99 3,5 10 - 14 - PNT-Suelos-04
Magnesio (meq Mg / 100 g. suelo) 0,84 0,60 1,60 - 2,50 - PNT-Suelos-04
Potasio (meq K / 100 g. suelo) 0,57 0,61 - 0,90 - PNT-Suelos-04
Materia Orgánica Total (%) 0,94 0,9 2,0 - 2,5 - PNT-Suelos-05
Cobre (ppm Cu) 0,2 0,20 0,20 - PNT-Suelos-06
Hierro ( ppm Fe) 6,24 3,00 5,00 - PNT-Suelos-06
Manganeso ( ppm Mn) 2,16 1,00 1,50 - PNT-Suelos-06
Zinc (ppm Zn) 0,58 0,50 1,00 - PNT-Suelos-06
Boro ( ppm B) 0,58 0,50 1,00 - 5,00 5,00 -PNT-Suelos-07
Nitrógeno total (%) 0,14 0,11-0,20 - PNT-Suelos-12
Relación C/N 3,79 < 6,0 6,0-10,0 - PNT-Suelos-30
Sodio (meq Na / 100 g. suelos) 0,14 0,30 0,60 - 1,00 1,50 - PNT-Suelos-04
Textura Francoarenoso - PNT-Suelos-11
Arena (%) 53,52 - PNT-Suelos-11
Arcilla (%) 13,76 - PNT-Suelos-11
Limo (%) 32,72 - PNT-Suelos-11
Carbono Orgánico Oxidable (%) 0,42 - PNT-Suelos-05

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The area studied is an agricultural area in a forest environment with problems of drought and advancing desertification.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The surrounding climax forests represent high levels of biodiversity of both fauna and flora. The reforested area after thirty years of management has increased plant biodiversity and has changed from a degraded agricultural area to a Mediterranean forest in the process of consolidation.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Generational replacement is a problem in the rural areas of Extremadura, which live from agricultural, livestock and forestry systems.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

Land owned and inherited from parents to children.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Estimated

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
其他渐变气候	Microclimate high temperature	减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

其他与气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

其它（具体说明）	该技术是如何应对的？
Fight against desertification	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

If the subsidy programme for the afforestation of agricultural land is taken into account, the costs borne by the landowner are greatly reduced and the long-term benefits are increased.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

Without the reforestation programme for agricultural land and subsidies, the technology is very costly for landowners.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Drought forces the design of plantations with greater technical restrictions for species adaptation and greater water retention capacity.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Initial soil carbon losses may offset decades of biomass carbon accumulation in Mediterranean afforestation. 2023. Valeria Renna, Pilar Martín-Gallego, Federico Julián, Johan Six , R´emi Cardinael, Moritz Laub

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Geoderma Regional 36 (2024) e00768 Online - free

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Programa de forestación de tierras agrarias en Andalucía. Jiménez, Navarro, 2014.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Online - free

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Repoblación forestal. Forestación de tierras agrícolas. Castilla la Mancha. Francisco Dorado, Álvaro garcía, Eugenio Caja del Castillo, Francisco Izquierdo, José Ignacio Rodríguez

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Online - free

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

La forestación de tierras agrarias a través de los Programas de Desarrollo Rural en España: Una medida con impacto medioambiental positivo en el medio rural. Miguel Angel Fernández Carrillo. Belmonte Serrato F. Romero Díaz A. Francisco Robledano

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Online - free

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Initial soil carbon losses may offset decades of biomass carbon accumulation in Mediterranean afforestation.

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352009424000154

标题/说明:

La forestación de tierras agrarias a través de los Programas de Desarrollo Rural en España: Una medida con impacto medioambiental positivo en el medio rural.

URL:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305474914_La_forestacion_de_tierras_agrarias_a_traves_de_los_Programas_de_Desarrollo_Rural_en_Espana_Una_medida_con_impacto_medioambiental_positivo_en_el_medio_rural/link/57fb7fb108ae8da3ce60fa81/download