1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Land Use Based Mitigation for Resilient Climate Pathways (LANDMARC)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture -Vietnam (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Robusta coffee in the Central Highlands of Vietnam is intercropped with pepper vines and fruit trees thus increasing the total planting density. This leads to higher land equivalent ratios compared to monocropping, thereby increasing land use efficiency, profitability, soil protection and resilience.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Robusta coffee in the Central Highlands of Vietnam is intercropped with pepper vines and fruit trees, increasing the total planting density. This leads to higher land equivalent ratios (LER) compared to monocropping, thereby increasing land use efficiency, profitability and resilience. The increased plot-level biomass stock also confers better soil protection, and more biomass is returned to the soil through prunings and natural litter formation.
There are a variety of multi-storey intercropping designs based on coffee (Coffea canephora), black pepper (Piper nigrum), avocado (Persea americana), durian (Durio zibethinus) and macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia). An example of a recommended intercropping design is coffee with pepper vines (supported by living poles of Ceiba pentandra, Cassia siamea, Paulownia spp. etc) and fruit trees at densities of 887 coffee bushes, 336 pepper vines, 28 avocado trees and 28 durian trees per hectare (D’Haeze 2022; Rigal et al. 2023). Agronomic practices such as irrigation and nutrient management need to be adapted to this system. For example, water demand by coffee in the shade of fruit trees is less than in monocropping systems. Other practices can be combined, such as the use of cover crops (e.g., Crotalaria) planted between the other crops to avoid bare land.
This technology is increasingly applied in Dak Lak, Gia Lai, Lam Dong and Dak Nong in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, primarily by the Kinh farmers, while ethnic minorities currently rely more frequently on monocropped coffee systems.
The main purpose of this diversified mixed cropping system it to increase land use efficiency as well as productive, climatic and economic resilience. Price volatility is a huge challenge for farmers, particularly with perennial cropping systems where crop changes as response to economic signals is costly and risky due to time-lag effects.
Quality planting material (e.g., use of scion avocado cultivar 034 for grafting), water-saving irrigation systems, and organic and mineral fertilizers are required alongside a careful planting design that minimizes potential competition between associated crops. For example, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) provides guidelines (Decision No. 3702, 2018) for designing intercropping systems based on coffee.
The main benefit is economic resilience to volatile prices of perennial commodity crops. Given that perennial crops cannot be easily substituted with other crops that have better prices, diversification of cropping systems is key to economic resilience. Furthermore, land use efficiency is increased and thereby more crops can be produced using less area. Tree-level yields remain the same as in monocropping systems, however, after certain years of fruit tree growth (e.g., avocado) there is a potential of coffee tree-level yield decline due to shade effects. It also helps to manage production costs when crops need to be rejuvenated or replanted. Furthermore, carbon stocks in aboveground biomass are increased compared to monocropping systems. This increase in aboveground carbon stocks leads to higher biomass input to the soil due to fresh litter (prunings) and senescent litter (natural).
Land users choose this intercropping model to diversify their income on the same unit of land. This reduces the risks associated with unpredictable price fluctuations. They also note that this system improves resource use efficiency, requiring less fertilizers and irrigation compared to the monocropping systems.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Next to land user's own innovation, the technology is also being introduced and promoted by the department of crop production of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and the extension systems after refinement through research institutions under MARD such as WASI in the Central Highlands. Furthermore, it is also being introduced by Universities and companies.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

• Reduce economic risks due to price volatility

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Composting using agricultural residues, and a change from mono-cropping to agroforestry

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Intercropping in combination with cover crops, Intercropping and cover cropping helps increase soil moisture.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

注释:

While the main goal of land users in adopting this technology is to diversify income sources and reduce risks related to price volatility, it also reduces soil degradation by leaving less soil bare compared with the interrows of monocropped coffee and increases biomass input to the soil.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Nursery with grafted material	Dry season
2.	Soil preparation	April or May; before the onset of the rainy season
3.	Planting	rainy season
4.	Fertilizer application	rainy season
5.	irrigation	dry season

注释:

Establishment will take 3 years until first coffee harvests. Harvests of other fruit trees will start later.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算建立该技术所需要的总成本。:

7000.0

注释:

This estimate is based on a system of 887 coffee plants, 336 pepper vines, 28 avocado trees (based on grafting with improved variety) and 28 durian trees.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Creating a basin around the tree base for keeping water during irrigation phase
2.	Application of fertilizers and pesticides
3.	Irrigation
4.	Weeding and pruning
5.	Guiding the black pepper vines onto the poles and trimming branches of living poles
6.	Tying durian fruits to branches by plastic ropes for support
7.	Sanitation after each harvest

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:

4000.0

注释:

The maintenance costs refer to the establishment stage (first 3 years) until first harvest and are based on a system of 887 coffee plants, 336 pepper vines, 28 avocado trees (based on grafting with improved variety) and 28 durian trees.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

production inputs (fertilizers, pesticides), and hired labor. Initial establishment cost of irrigation systems is also costly.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Considering that it is relative to other sites of the region, I would classify it as medium. Forests have highest diversity, and the mixed coffee agroforestry systems have medium diversity. While other agricultural land has low diversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

Combination of literature studies (e.g., Rigal et al. 2023; D'haeze 2022) and own (yet) unpublished observations.

- Rigal C., Duong T., Vo C., Bon L.V., Hoang q.T., Chau T.M.L. (2023)
Transitioning from Monoculture to Mixed Cropping Systems: The Case of Coffee, Pepper, and Fruit Trees in Vietnam,
Ecological Economics 214:107980

- D’haeze, D. (2022). Optimizing water use in the central highlands of Viet Nam: Focus on
the Robusta coffee sector. Hanoi, Viet Nam: IUCN and Gland, Switzerland.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Literature based and own observations.

For example:
-Cannavo, P., Sansoulet, J., Harmand, J.-M., Siles, P., Dreyer, E., & Vaast, P. (2011). Agroforestry associating coffee and Inga densiflora results in complementarity for water uptake and decreases deep drainage in Costa Rica. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 140(1–2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.11.005
- Chatterjee, N., Nair, P. K. R., Nair, V. D., Bhattacharjee, A., Filho, E. D. M. V., Muschler, R. G., & Noponen, M. R. A. (2019). Do Coffee Agroforestry Systems Always Improve Soil Carbon Stocks Deeper in the Soil?—A Case Study from Turrialba, Costa Rica. Forests, 11(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010049

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
季节性温度	夏季	增加	适度
季雨量	旱季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
滑坡	适度

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	好

注释:

The practice is considered an important climate change adaptation strategy, however, more research is needed to provide the the required evidence.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

It can take between 5 to 10 years until the relative advantage is achieved, as the associated crops first need to reach their productive stage. Hence, investment costs will be higher until the associated crops can be harvested.

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 不断变化的市场

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Farmers are very sensitive to market signals. For example, the price of durian has increased, so farmers plant more durian. Earlier the same happened with pepper.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The main advantage is the increased profitability and market/climate risk management.
There are additional benefits such as improvement in soil ecology to manage soil-borne pests and diseases and reduced irrigation need for coffee.
Interest from coffee buyers in sustainable production systems provides another incentive to change practices.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
More resilient livelihoods
More diversified landscapes
Increased carbon storage capacity

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Initial investment costs can be high for some smallholder farmers	External financial support is needed through market mechanisms.
There continues to be a need to adapt agronomic practices to the new system design. This knowledge is not yet fully available.	Research activities to provide the required evidence and enable the development of guidelines.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
There continues to be a need to adapt agronomic practices to the new system design. This knowledge is not yet fully available.	Research activities to provide the required evidence and enable the development of guidelines.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Rigal et al. (2023) Transitioning from monoculture to mixed cropping systems: the case of coffee, pepper, and fruit trees in Vietnam

URL:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107980

标题/说明:

Dave D'Haeze (2022) Optimizing water use in the Central Highlands of Viet Nam. Focus on the Robusta coffee sector

URL:

https://iucn.org/sites/default/files/content/documents/2022/bridge_ch_coffee_transformation_final_february_2022-_revised_2_ddh_for_publication.pdf

标题/说明:

MARD (2003) Good Agricultural Practices for Robusta Coffee Production.