1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - 阿富汗

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology is sustainable and easily replicable by local communities.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Artificial reseeding is a key method for restoring degraded rangelands. It involves reintroducing native, palatable fodder species to improve vegetation cover, soil health, and biodiversity. This process boosts forage for grazing animals, stabilizes soil, and helps combat desertification, enhancing ecosystem health and productivity.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) project of “Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan” aimed to conserve vegetation cover and ecosystems through introducing community-based sustainable land and forest management (SLM/SFM) practices in rangeland and forest areas within five targeted provinces, including Bamyan, that benefited rural communities that rely on these ecosystems for their livelihood. The project introduced an integrated, community-based approach of SLM/SFM in Afghanistan for promoting biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and rangeland productivity.

To enhance rangeland productivity in Bamyan province, artificial reseeding of native, locally adapted, and drought-resistant fodder species plays a vital role in restoring health and productivity of the degraded rangeland ecosystem, improving soil quality, and increasing fodder availability for livestock, which contributed to local livelihoods and environmental resilience.

Communities carefully identify highly vulnerable and degraded rangelands for reseeding initiatives. These include previously rain-fed wheat fields cultivated for human consumption, overgrazed sites, and areas with restricted grazing to support vegetation recovery before reseeding. Attention is also given to areas prone to snow avalanches and flash floods causing landslides and soil erosion, which impact downstream residential areas, irrigation systems, trails, roads, and farmlands. These zones are prioritized and mutually agreed upon for reseeding and restoration efforts.

This reseeding local fodder species technology involves several key activities.

1.Identification of locally adapted drought-resistant and palatable fodder species by livestock owners and land users.
2.Identification of highly producing areas of selected fodder species to collect quality seeds.
3.Defer grazing and delay fodder harvest for the purpose of seed maturity in the targeted area.
4.Awareness raising about the maturity stages of different fodder species seeds: Through project intervention and awareness campaigns, rural residents have gained a better understanding of the seed ripening, collecting, and cultivation stages.
5.Collecting, drying, and storing seed: The fodder species’ seeds are collected manually by hand. These fodder species produce longer main stems with inflorescence and spikelets on the top at an average person's breast height. Collected seed is brought to the storing facility and laid out under sunlight for drying. Once seed reaches a certain moisture content, it's stored in a cool and dry place until the day of reseeding under the direct supervision of the rangeland management association (RMA).
6.Season of reseeding local fodder seed: Reseeding activities typically begin in the autumn season, just before the first snowfall. Seeds remain in the soil throughout the winter, allowing them to overcome dormancy and germinate in the spring of the following year. Local fodder species used for reseeding include various Fennel species and other plants traditionally relied upon for winter fodder. These include: Umbelliferae ferulus (Gheghu), Winklera silaifolia (Pali), Prangos sp. (Kami), Ferula sp. (Badran), Rheum spp. (Chukri), Koeleria cristata (Khola), a shrub locally known as Qarghna.
7.Method of Reseeding: The inter and intra-row space between seeding pits (max. 2-3 seeds in one pit) depends on the slope of the terrain, canopy of the fodder, and extent of vegetation cover. If the % slope of the terrain is increasing and canopy of planted species is small, then the space between two rows and two plants decreases and vice versa. Normally, the space between two rows is 1-1.5 m and two plants are about 40-60 cms apart. On the day of reseeding, some land users dig small pits using a hoe and shovel approximately five centimeters deep, followed by another person who puts seeds in the pit and covers the seed with soil using his own boot. The distance between pits is estimated through a person's step. One person reseeds 3.5 kgs of seed per working day. Roughly, a total of 15 kgs of fodder seed is needed for 1 ha of rangeland. It's worth mentioning that the quantity of seed per ha depends on the space between rows and plants and the size of the fodder seed itself.

The seeds are collected using the cash-for-work model. This served (i) to provide income support to poor, vulnerable men and women through short-term employment and (ii) to rehabilitate public assets (rangelands) that are vital for sustaining the livelihoods of livestock rearing. Both men and women-headed vulnerable households benefited from the cash-for-work program of seed collection. More importantly, these fodder species’ seeds are fresh, locally adapted, nutritious for livestock (help fatten livestock), available locally, and inexpensive compared to other types of fodder seed. The germination percentage of the seed and growth of the fodder is significantly high in the reseeded area.

Traditionally, rural communities knew that fodder crops grew from seeds; however, the main stems with inflorescences and spikelets were harvested before maturity and used as fuelwood for heating and cooking. Through awareness-raising campaigns and training workshops within the project, farmers were encouraged to leave the main stems intact for seed maturation, allowing for natural seed dispersal and seed collection for reseeding. The success of natural reseeding is limited compared to artificial reseeding due to several factors. In natural reseeding, seeds are often exposed and not covered by soil, making them vulnerable to environmental conditions. Moisture availability may also be insufficient for germination, and existing vegetation can compete with new growth. In contrast, artificial reseeding ensures that seeds are properly covered, protected, and placed in areas with optimal moisture, which increases the likelihood of successful germination and establishment. Recently, the demand for the local fodder seed has dramatically increased because many non-profit organizations and private businesses are purchasing these seeds. It created a new source of income for the rural communities.

Finally, the technology combines both traditional knowledge and scientific understanding, contributing to more effective restoration of the degraded rangeland ecosystem, improving soil health, and increasing fodder availability, which contributed to livelihood resilience and improvement.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2021

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) project of “Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan” is an environmental project funded by Global Environmental Facility (GEF) which focused on reducing land degradation, enhance biodiversity and climate change mitigation.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

It has been agreed among community members that, following the reseeding program, the area will be quarantined for at least 4-5 years. During this period, no grazing, shrub collection, or fodder harvesting will be allowed in order to enhance vegetation coverage.
The exact number of livestock in the reseeding area of the rangeland is currently unknown, as no formal count has been conducted. The numbers provided reflect an estimated count of livestock in the target districts of Yakawlang 1 and Punjab. The data was sourced from the Department of Livestock and Animal Health of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation of Bamyan.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

The rangeland is rainfed and experiences heavy snowfall during the winter season.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 区域封闭（停止使用，支持恢复）
• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

• rangeland restoration

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The land is closed/rested for both natural and artificial vegetation to recover.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Reseeding of various fodder crops help control soil degradation by restoring plant cover, which stabilizes the soil and reduces erosion. Soil cover reduces loss of fertile soil and can increase soil organic matter that then can lead to improved fertility.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Reseeding technology helps restore degraded land by introducing vegetation that stabilizes soil, improves water retention, and prevents erosion. Once the land is restored, reseeding continues to prevent further degradation by maintaining protective vegetation that sustains soil health and reduces environmental pressures.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

AFN

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

69.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Identification of locally adapted drought-resistant and palatable fodder species by livestock owners and land users.	April and May
2.	Identification of highly producing areas of selected fodder species for seed collection.	June and July
3.	Defer grazing and delay fodder harvest for the purpose of seed maturity in the targeted area.	June, July, August and September
4.	Awareness raising about the maturity stages of different fodder species seeds:	August and September
5.	Collecting, drying, and storing seed	September
6.	Sites identification for reseeding	September
7.	Mobilization of community members for reseeding campaign	September and October
8.	Reseeding: Transporting seed and agricultural tools to the area, preparation of field, digging planting pits, reseeding and covering the seed.	October and November
9.	Control grazing in the next growing season	April, May, June, July (following year)

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Collecting of local fodder seed (Kami, Ghegho, Chukri, Khola, Badra, Qarghana)	person-days	5.0	350.0	1750.0
劳动力	Drying and storing of local fodder seed	person-days	3.0	350.0	1050.0
劳动力	Reseeding of local fodder seed in rangeland	person-days	8.0	350.0	2800.0	100.0
设备	Pit digging equipment i.e., shovel, hoe, pick mattock	no.	5.0	250.0	1250.0	100.0
设备	Plastic bags for collecting seed (reusable)	pieces	3.0	20.0	60.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					6910.0
技术建立总成本，美元					100.14

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The cost of collecting the plant material is paid by the project under the cash-for-work intervention (110 AFN/kg))

注释:

In reference to the agreement with the Rangeland Management Association, reseeding is voluntarily carried out by its members. Additionally, the necessary farming equipment for digging pits is provided by the members themselves.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Control grazing and fodder harvesting	12 months/ annually
2.	Restrict cutting perennial shrubs for forage, firewood and their uprooting	12 months/ annually
3.	Reseeding is done in the pits where there was no germination.	Growing season/ once a year
4.	Conduct workshops and awareness raising for herders on SLM.	Growing season/ twice a year

注释:

After reseeding, the area is closed off for 4-5 years to prevent grazing, fodder collection, and shrub harvesting or uprooting as firewood. Once the area has recovered, it will be sustainably used by harvesting one-third as fodder after it matures and the seeds have naturally dispersed.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Community members, acting as rangers, patrol the area to control grazing, fodder collection, and shrub harvesting	person-day	240.0	200.0	48000.0	100.0
劳动力	Reseeding of pits where there was no germination.	person-day	2.0	350.0	700.0	100.0
劳动力	Conduct awareness raising for herders on SLM.	no.	3.0	3000.0	9000.0
技术维护所需总成本					57700.0
技术维护总成本，美元					836.23

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Once there is no cash for work from the project, the community still collects seeds, reseed some in reseeding area and the rest is sold in the open market depending on the demand.

注释:

Patrolling reseeded rangeland to prevent grazing, fodder harvesting, and shrub collection is a critical step in sustainable rangeland management, particularly in regions like Bamyan, Afghanistan, where rangelands are vital for pastoralist livelihoods. The community selects one or two herders to monitor and manage land use for eight months each year, until livestock return to indoor barns for the winter season. Rangers are paid annually for patrolling the entire rangeland area, rather than by hectare, which makes it challenging to calculate the cost per hectare. The land is divided into different zones, including grazing areas during specific periods, rotational grazing zones, and restricted grazing areas such as reseeded land. Rangers are trained to enforce the agreed regulations and ensure compliance effectively.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most important factors affecting the costs are the seed of local fodder types and their availability during the growing season, as well as the cost of rangers patrolling the technology area.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Bamyan, located in Afghanistan's central highlands, is characterized by a mix of high mountain ranges, valleys, and plateaus. The Hindu Kush Mountain range 4,000 meters (13,100 feet) contributes to the region's cold climate and water source. The Bamyan Valley, known for its ancient Buddha statues, supports agricultural activities. High-altitude plateaus create grazing lands for pastoralist communities. The Kunduz River and seasonal streams sustain the region's water systems.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The soil characteristics of Bamyan Province, as detailed by FAO's Afghanistan Soil Information System (AfSIS) and the FAO Soil Atlas of Afghanistan, indicate that the soils are predominantly loamy to sandy with varying organic content. They are slightly alkaline, with pH levels ranging from 7 to 8 in many areas. The topsoil is characterized by low organic matter content, typical of arid and semi-arid regions, and moderate cation exchange capacity. Nitrogen levels are low, necessitating careful management to ensure sustainable agricultural productivity. Salinity levels are generally low to moderate across most parts of the region.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water salinity does not appear to be a major problem in Bamyan Province. Most water sources, including those originating from snow and glacier melt, show good quality for drinking, with low to moderate salinity levels. However, localized issues such as high total dissolved solids (TDS) or electrical conductivity (EC) have been identified in certain areas, indicating potential salinity concerns, particularly for irrigation or drinking in specific contexts.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The state of biodiversity in Bamyan Province varies across its ecosystems and is influenced by factors such as altitude, land use, and conservation measures. In protected areas such as Band-e-Amir National Park and Shah Foladi, which are rich in endemic plant species, wildlife species such as snow leopards, ibex, wolves, and a variety of bird species. Outside protected zones, biodiversity is under pressure due to overgrazing, hunting, unsustainable land use, and land degradation, which reduce the habitat quality for native plants and animals. Medicinal plant species, important for local use, are declining due to unsustainable harvesting practices. Overall, biodiversity in Bamyan's protected areas is better preserved than in unprotected regions.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The main characteristics of land users in Bamyan Province are predominantly rural, with around 90% of the population engaged in agriculture, agroforestry, and livestock farming. These communities rely heavily on the rangelands for grazing, fuelwood, and other natural resources. The province is home to agro-pastoralists, where both crop farming and animal husbandry are integral to their livelihoods.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

Customary systems (Jirgas and Shuras)

注释:

Land use rights in Bamyan are governed by traditional legal systems, blending customary laws, Islamic Sharia, and state regulations. Customary practices such as Jirgas and Shuras, often mediated by local elders, dominate in rural areas but frequently conflict with state laws over issues like grazing rights and communal resources. These overlapping systems lead to disputes, particularly between nomadic and settled communities, with ongoing efforts to create a unified legal framework.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

Access to services and infrastructure in Bamyan Province is limited due to its remote location and mountainous terrain. Basic services such as healthcare, education, and clean water are available but often insufficient, particularly in rural areas. Infrastructure like roads and electricity is underdeveloped.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The off-site impacts of reseeding local fodder seeds in degraded rangelands are measured through improvements in water infiltration, reduced soil erosion, expanded vegetation cover, enhanced biodiversity, and increased carbon sequestration. Social and economic benefits, such as higher incomes from fodder sales and reduced grazing pressure on communal resources, are assessed through community surveys.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		减少	好
年降雨量		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	非常好
滑坡	非常好
雪崩	非常好

注释:

Reseeding mitigates gradual climate change by sequestering CO₂, stabilizing soil, and improving water retention, while reducing the impacts of climate-related extremes like floods, droughts, and erosion by restoring ecosystems and enhancing local climate resilience.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Reseeding Bamyan rangelands requires investment in seeds, labor, and maintenance, but provides long-term benefits like better vegetation, soil stability, and carbon sequestration. It improves grazing, reduces flood and erosion risks, and helps mitigate climate impacts. The ecological and economic gains outweigh the initial costs.

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Enhances the availability of high-quality forage, leading to better livestock health and productivity.
Restores degraded land which increasing grazing rangeland area.
Alternative source of income through temporary employment.
It's easy to adopt and many pastoral communities have already replicated.
It requires locally available seeds, labor, and traditional knowledge, making it cost-effective and practical for communities to implement.
Community members choose palatable, nutritious and drought resistant fodder species which enhance their livestock production.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reseeded areas help control soil erosion and improve soil fertility through vegetation cover.
Improved biodiversity through the reintroduction of native species.
Reseeding supports carbon sequestration and contributes to climate resilience and adaptation.
The technology involved local communities which ensures better understanding, ownership, replication and sustainability of the process.
Local or indigenous species used in reseeding are well-adapted to local conditions, increasing the likelihood of successful germination and growth.
Through training and awareness raising, now community members are allowing fodder to grow until seeds are fully mature ensures effective seed production (collection) and natural dispersal, aiding in rangeland regeneration and biodiversity improvement.
Alternative income through employment in local fodder seed collection and sales.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Reseeding requires an initial investment in establishing a rangeland management association, seeds and labor.	By establishing RMA and mobilizing community members to contribute and seek funding from governments, NGOs, or international organizations.
Control grazing: Livestock grazing in reseeded areas can damage young plants, reducing effectiveness.	Require an agreement with community to control grazing in the area. Also, implement rotational grazing systems and fencing to protect reseeded areas until vegetation is established.
Benefits from reseeding take time to return, potentially discouraging land users seeking quick results.	Identify alternative grazing area. Provide short-term solution of supplemental feed to address immediate needs.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Implementing reseeding may limit access to grazing lands temporarily, potentially causing disputes among land users, especially in areas with shared resources.	Agreement of all land users is required.
Reseeding success is highly dependent on favorable weather conditions. Drought or erratic rainfall can lead to poor germination and growth.	Explore the potential to integrate rainwater harvesting structures in future reseeding activities

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

The Status of Forage Production in Afghanistan: Forage Options for Smallholder Livestock in Water-Scarce Environments of Afghanistan. Ates, S., Hassan, S., Soofizada, Q., Biradar, C., Esmati, H., & Louhaichi, M. (2018).

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://research.aciar.gov.au/aik-saath/sites/_co-lab.aciar.gov.au.aik-saath/files/2020-08/ICARDA%20forage%20Afghanistan_0.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FAO brings life to degraded rangeland thanks to GEF funding. FAO, 2022

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.fao.org/afghanistan/news/detail-events/en/c/1505486/

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Community-based Sustainable Land and Forest Management in Afghanistan,

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.thegef.org/projects-operations/projects/9285

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

An introductory guide to sources of traditional fodder and forage and usage, Anthony Fitzherbert, 2014

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.acbar.org/upload/1493193872857.pdf

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Rangeland rehabilitation measures reduces pressure on land, boosts household income and induces peace of mind

URL:

https://www.fao.org/afghanistan/news/detail-events/fr/c/1606232/

标题/说明:

Managing rangelands: promoting sustainable practices: Reseeding: a practical and costeffective technique that enhances ecological sustainability while strengthening system resilience

URL:

https://dspacetest.mel.cgiar.org/items/a8eee495-817c-4dfb-a737-90db7eb19378

标题/说明:

Reseeding improved soil and plant characteristics of degraded alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grassland in loess hilly plateau region, China

URL:

https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271742/1-s2.0-S0925857423X00032/1-s2.0-S0925857423000423/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEH4aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQD3T2VNZYEr3aSuPiqIB%2BrFarS8RQXlWNUJd9eV1MHa2wIhAOTmszFUNpOgWgs2rvkxfFWu%2FtyDr0deq4kp4Ytkz%2F%2BCKrMFCCYQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgwoXO8sdzB5A1xzYE0qkAW%2FZw%2F9bgO%2BKFg9iCfslLE01ANYhMnSDoaX8g7Pvy7dpTxLjw4rBvTCJsIOus%2FHHzuUWQb%2ByL4ne4mRVs4OHcZkmbbo7FxbyIzVnmCvn2QEFcneRX2VjxKsgmVjYC6QjVbAVR6EUAa0JHv6NB5n8LgI9kQCNti1OHeAjuH9hTcUnus2QMLZhDFEWxkuUmhaZE7p81ZypqZuENHYywVw5LXF1ctJOV8vKDtuxdq7zCG4OkusqlAWVW0dN%2F49OxCc4mT1ihIlFIiFZOemqYH2X2K7%2BVgPsCDQq9Ru7pXlQrG%2FrvnU71QY6vZF%2F0ZsT6jImwz36Vjy8Q%2B%2Fgba3kVcua5e8W%2FxQ5GZ0wYu3f2NT2gZf%2BEe1hUbHtDLUz6GkSVbjqmKEcqb7t3x8oC0ugPE%2BhBCwLtUHUOVohxDTiqLC%2BSvNCtB7PcYTbJ2gqAIG7J%2BnRklhh8WfQ%2Fj68Hem6lzXOhkmrvs78tQ2hpbbvkdalAaGUvmw4Y9wJgvNZZQrzchIKTXBTM2zAbbMF%2FQOWgagPhYAO7P7HMccBJ5syuYXL9HhDYhDeOuK2MwduI7IKFhDA%2BXA7NyLcu4YSiBExUVxSaCDWaSNg5FiCE3Xi7l80Y8iUuCij8sc%2Fi2Fc6OV36ZmIhkSF%2B5AtR5kHP0PMJ2NCTvI%2FNj16hGvUhtclYx3KaqmtU7yNLiSFEba7CncTs38LydQYg4ToBUxyeHFZzdvkq3RXG7BJgv4%2FkkPEpVKs2dsQ%2FJEwdDW%2F3JFxxJkDfwIPEGmdD607FBpDyw9C%2BvfMF4T6r1uVyxqjHwkeMxrH%2BDh0QMt2q2gIwbfYWeKDtA571zpg752C8851tpCCMPSeL%2BW3JdgsdjL4ng0VWLdUXd3zjC1tJW6BjqwARofYsHni1Xzn9OgNnont1g19Z0VSFHYkyaTzXs2nKfM%2FdNVkoXtu%2BX6u0gNmy0a7ed%2FqrC7p8fKqYxAT3FwOjrQBWDK%2Bm8xHfvyk%2B%2BESKBVsXMmC8KhodGoX318C7esUlWpsv953SgG%2FxWob5bsnNe0t470flsh%2F5MhbT%2BCpLRFnBtjwq5JcmDT9QqWAc%2FdxQNd8zPWUPIFh2n3Wtuhg8x9Pmuw5MXc8hiTAmjjlsV4&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20241126T060240Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYRWMK75KH%2F20241126%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=7a5092467ceabe0252cbb05beaac0328e6ecfabcc339848f188b3a2bec804b5e&hash=7568b619a05163bde587f16f742fee7be12c85d1b227b62b701e53c7e9720c71&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0925857423000423&tid=spdf-fb3cf116-0053-4002-ac10-7417b6a882b9&sid=93e7b4418d

标题/说明:

Highland Rangelands of Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwis2PTzqfmJAxXMlP0HHeLQKG8QFnoECBsQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Flib.icimod.org%2Fapi%2Ffiles%2Fb329e25d-b7b2-439c-b29f-471fde5d2ead%2F2.HAR.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1PptmgEEuGRY1LyVLMO4ZR&opi=89978449

标题/说明:

Dryland agriculture and rangeland restoration priorities in Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272524566_Dryland_agriculture_and_rangeland_restoration_priorities_in_Afghanistan

标题/说明:

Combating land degradation and biodiversity loss by promoting sustainable rangeland management and biodiversity conservation in Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/web-documents/10169_MFA_Afghanistan_PIF.pdf

标题/说明:

Community-Based Ecosystem Restoration and Climate Change Adaptation in Afghanistan

URL:

https://kosmospublishers.com/community-based-ecosystem-restoration-and-climate-change-adaptation-in-afghanistan-2/

标题/说明:

Flora and Vegetation of Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture/Fertilisation-des-Terres-et-des-Sols/cultureIntercalaire/Flora&VegetationOfAfghanistan_Siegmar&Breckle.pdf

标题/说明:

Constraints to Forage Production and Rangeland Management in Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306344635_Constraints_to_Forage_Production_and_Rangeland_Management_in_Afghanistan

标题/说明:

Effect of Planting Atriplex seedlings in micro-catchments on attributes of natural vegetation in arid rangelands

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140196320301038

7.4 一般注释

WOCAT is a highly regarded platform for sharing and documenting knowledge on sustainable land management (SLM). Its extensive database of practices and technologies serves as a valuable resource for practitioners worldwide. Users appreciate the detailed and well-organized questionnaires, which make it easier to document and analyze SLM practices comprehensively. However, some feedback suggests that simplifying the questionnaires could improve accessibility and save time during data entry. Additionally, enhancing the platform's search functionality and incorporating more visual tools, such as maps and graphs, could further improve the user experience and accessibility of the database. Thank you