1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - 阿富汗

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

An integrated community-led initiative has been established to restore the degraded forests in Paktya province. This initiative focuses on setting up nurseries and incorporates both indigenous and scientific knowledge to cultivate climate-resilient species, such as Cedrus deodara and Pinus gerardiana. These efforts have enhanced the community’s knowledge and skills in sapling production and transplantation, leading to significant improvements in the productivity of these key species, which holds substantial ecological, social, culture, and economic value.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology is being applied in the communities of Ahmad Aba and Sayed Karam districts in the province of Paktya focusing on restoration of high conservation value forests. It is implemented through direct support of 13 Forest Management Associations (FMAs).
Key members of forest management associations participated in capacity building focused on community -based natural resources management (CBNRM), establishment of community-based nurseries and restoration of degraded forest .The aims of the capacity building initiative were to enhance the ability of the associations to restore the degraded area and implement sustainable practices, particularly through establishment of community-based nurseries, production of saplings and subsequent planting of these saplings in targeted restoration sites .
Over the past three years, 67 nurseries have been established, focusing on climate- resilient species such as Cedrus deodara and Pinus jerardiana, walnut among others species by integrating both indigenous and scientific knowledge. Indigenous knowledge includes practices such as pre-irrigation, the use of animal-powered initial plowing with hand-held hoes, weed removal, and other traditional techniques. Scientific recommendations include improvement of sapling production, adaption of soil inoculation with Mycorrhiza, species-specific sowing methods, controlled temperature management in greenhouses, effective watering/irrigation techniques (manually and using sprinklers).
The project has significantly enhanced sapling production and transplantation for reforestation purposes. The community-based nurseries were established using carefully selected seeds, chosen based on seed quality, sowing timing, and the process of breaking seed dormancy. Saplings were then raised in the nurseries for the first 2 to 3 years until, they are ready for transplantation. These saplings are then transplanted to the degraded forest areas. The land preparation and digging of pits was carried out in the restoration sites before the transplanting has started. After the successful transplanting of saplings, they are taken care of by the forest management associations. Additionally, mechanical pests and diseases control measures were taken to produce saplings in community-based nurseries. These interventions have raised community awareness regarding forest condition and management and thereby enhancing their capacities to improve the forest cover.
Major activities include: site assessment and pre-planning, selection of high conservation value tree species, site selection, technical training on site management (preparation of soil, sowing method, irrigation management, greenhouse) and capacity building of the communities and beneficiaries on nursery soil mixture preparation, breaking of dormancy using different techniques, sapling production and transplantation.
The 13 Forest Management Associations (FMAs), are legal institutions for the management of natural resources, hold a license for reforestation activities in degraded forests and are officially registered with Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL). FMAs are responsible for the implementation of the measures and the communities have committed to the transplantation, irrigation and regular patrolling of the saplings.
The goal of the reforestation efforts is to restore biodiversity, ecosystem restoration, enhance the capacity of local community on methods of in-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation, creation of a recreational site, raising the awareness towards mitigation of climate change, ultimately, to improve the life condition of rural populations. The application of technologies offers cost-effective and eco-friendly restoration of the high conservation value forest especially of pine nut (Pinus jerardiana) and deodar (Cedrus deodara). Additionally, it provided work opportunities and income generation for 100 families. The technology is well-suitable for replication and adaptation in the local context. As a result, the local community consistently produce the necessary saplings for reforestation and supply them to the project with reasonable cost every year.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2021

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Nurseries irrigated through full irrigation. However, after the transplantation of saplings, supplementary irrigation is required till to five years. when they have established may be rainfed irrigation enough.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 森林种植管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 集水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Site assessment and selection for establishing nurseries	October
2.	Land preparation and filling of polybags with soil mixture	November
3.	Purchasing of local seed (walnut, Pinus jerardiana, Pinus eldarica, and Cedrus deodara)	November
4.	Breaking dormancy of seed in soil bed or in room using different techniques	December
5.	Irrigation after seeds are sown in raised beds and polybags	15, 30, 45 DAY
6.	Construction of plastic tunnels, seeding in raised beds and polybags	November
7.	Transplantation of saplings after 2 to 3 years to the restoration area	March

注释:

In this section the establishment of nurseries and production of saplings is in focus and not the transplantation of saplings to the areas to be reforested.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Land preparation (plowing of land, filling of polybags)	Man-days	4.0	5.0	20.0	100.0
劳动力	Irrigation (using jerry can for irrigation)	Man-days	8.0	5.0	40.0	100.0
劳动力	Construction of tunnel	Man-days	2.0	5.0	10.0	100.0
劳动力	Sowing of seeds	Man-days	2.0	5.0	10.0	100.0
劳动力	Metal worker	Mand-days	2.0	5.0	10.0
设备	Shovels	PC	4.0	3.0	12.0
植物材料	Seed (Pinus jerardiana)	Kg	2.0	12.5	25.0
植物材料	Seed (Pinus elderica)	Kg	2.0	12.5	25.0
植物材料	Seed (walnut)	Kg	52.0	4.0	208.0
植物材料	Seed (Cedrus deodara)	Kg	1.0	12.5	12.5
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer (UREA & DAP)	Kg	26.0	1.0	26.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Mycorrhizal affected soil	Kg	1000.0	0.05	50.0	100.0
施工材料	Green net	Kg	25.0	7.0	175.0
施工材料	Transparent plastic	Kg	25.0	5.0	125.0
施工材料	Steal bar (12 mm)	Kg	330.0	1.0	330.0
施工材料	Polybags	Kg	30.0	3.0	90.0
技术建立所需总成本					1168.5
技术建立总成本，美元					1168.5

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The project offered material support

注释:

Fertilizer applied at beginning one time

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Weed management	frequently
2.	Pest and disease control and management	Frequently
3.	Dead plants are replaced by cultivating seeds in the nurseries (10%)	Second year of cultivation of seeds (spring)
4.	Irrigation	Frequently

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Weed management	Man days	6.0	5.0	30.0	100.0
劳动力	Pest and disease control and management	Man days	3.0	5.0	15.0	100.0
劳动力	Reseeding for exchanging dead seedlings	Man days	3.0	5.0	15.0	100.0
劳动力	Changing plastic and green net seasonally	Man days	3.0	5.0	15.0	100.0
劳动力	Irrigation (using Jerry can)	Man days	10.0	5.0	50.0	100.0
施工材料	Transparent plastic	Kg	25.0	5.0	125.0
施工材料	Green net	Kg	25.0	7.0	175.0
技术维护所需总成本					425.0
技术维护总成本，美元					425.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The project covered 100% of the costs for tools and services.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most important factors that affecting the cost is material needed to construct the plastic tunnel and cost of seeds.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Source of off-farm income for land users are private business, livestock, government salary and foreign country employment.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 租赁

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

Land use rights are based on the local system. Each village holds land use rights based on their tribal structure, referred to as "contribution," allowing them to derive benefits from their land. The land used for the nursery is privately owned, while the restored area belongs to the community and is accessible only for those with user rights.

注释:

N/A

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

N/A

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
季节性温度	夏季	减少	适度
年降雨量		增加	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The initial cost of restoration is high when seedlings are purchased from local markets, which increases the cost per hectare. However, if the seedlings are produced in community-based nurseries, the restoration cost decreases significantly due to the lower expenses associated with establishing the nursery and transplanting seedlings from local sources

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 11-50%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The establishment of nurseries and transplanting of saplings in reforested area was easy to adapt to the local context and has been successfully replicated by others to produce seedlings and support
The application of this technology has made it easier to restore the high conservation value forest species at a cost-effective price and created income generation opportunity for the local people
The local community has learned and gained experiences in afforestation and reforestation efforts, becoming familiar with restoration of important species that hold significant economic and ecological value
Livelihood of local community has diversified, beyond reliance on private business and traditional agriculture.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Prior to the introduction of this technology, saplings were not available in the local market. Now, sapling of high conservation value forest species can be found, although the price remains high at 500 Afghani (AFNs) for each sapling
Costs of afforestation have decreased compared to purchasing saplings from neighboring districts
The saplings species used were more adaptable to the local climate and have survived well after transplantation

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Initial capital for investment and purchasing goods	Providing subsidy to local community
The high price of seed and scarcity to be purchase from local market	The solution is to collect the seed locally by the community and propagate in own nureseries

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Nursery management required continuous care and regular follow-up by technical staff.	Regular visit and follow up
Insufficient care of the nurseries, such as inadequate weeding and untimely irrigation, can affect the quality saplings.	Precautions and care should be the responsibility of the owners.
Irrigation management is most crucial in the nurseries and need extra knowledge of water requirement of the planted species	Conduct water management training for the owners.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

There is information available online related to FLR in Afghanistan

URL:

URL https://www.fao.org/in-action/forest-landscape-restoration-asia/country-profiles/afghanistan/afg-gef-project/en#