1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Combating land degradation and biodiversity loss by promoting sustainable rangeland management and biodiversity conservation in Afghanistan

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - 阿富汗

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The learning site incorporates several key elements of the technology including a solar-powered water lifting system, three reservoirs and an adopted irrigation system. It features demonstration plots for various initiatives, such as tree planting (walnut, almond, pomegranate and mulberry , the cultivation of fodder (alfalfal Mazari palm) and and medicinal plants (e,g, cumin), and a nursery (walnut) established through the community’s own contributions.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The site was rich in flora and fauna, but human and animal interference has led to significant degradation. Many indigenous plants have been uprooted, and wildlife has migrated due to the loss of habitat. In response, the community has begun to manage and restore the land through practices like rotational grazing and quarantine measures to combat illegal logging. The degradation of natural resources, particularly forests and rangelands, has significantly impacted local communities in Khost. Many residents rely on these resources for fuel, heating, and grazing livestock. However, challenges such as overgrazing, the uprooting of bushes and shrubs, and deforestation for fuel have led to considerable environmental degradation. The lack of proper management of these natural resources has resulted in consistent flooding, which erodes and pollutes agricultural lands. Additionally, local communities often do not recognize the value of these resources, leading to unsustainable land-use practices. Poverty, ongoing conflicts, political instability, and unemployment have driven residents to cut down trees for sale in local markets to support their livelihoods.
To address these challenges, we conducted a participatory assessment involving local communities and stakeholders, aiming to establish a learning site for sustainable land and forest management practices. Our assessment revealed that many local residents were unaware of sustainable practices or the ecological significance of these resources, contributing to ongoing environmental degradation.
After assessing the natural resources and community needs, we established a learning site for sustainable forest and rangeland management. Feasibility studies helped us identify available water sources, assess community interest, and select suitable land next to forests and rangelands. The site selected is easily accessible, located about 10 kilometers from the main road.
In the initial phase, we installed 26 solar panels on three metal stands, each with a capacity of 400 watts, positioned 200 meters from the water source. At the water source, we installed a 2-inch submersible pump to lift water to the learning site, which encompasses approximately 20 hectares of land across three small hills, each situated 300 meters apart.
We constructed three reservoirs, each with a capacity of 192 cubic meters. The first reservoir is located 300 meters from the water source and is fed by the solar system. A pipe network system utilizing 2-inch pipes connects the water source to the first reservoir and the other two reservoirs. This system allows the reservoirs to supply water to lower fields or demonstration plots via gravity.
In the demonstration plots, a network of pipes was installed every 50 meters, with taps placed accordingly. We established a 20-hectare learning site focused on sustainable forest and rangeland management practices, featuring demonstration plots for reforestation, fodder and medicinal plant production, reseeding, and a forest nursery. The dimensions of these plots include 10 hectares for reforestation, 2 hectares for fodder production, 0.5 hectares for medicinal plants, and 0.1 hectares for the walnut nursery. A total of 3,000 forest species were planted in the reforestation plot, along with alfalfa and Mazari palm in the fodder plots, and black cumin in the medicinal plot.
These plots are irrigated using flexible 1-inch pipes connected to the taps installed every 50 meters. Given Khost Province's favorable weather conditions, the plants require irrigation primarily from April to August; outside of this interval, the irrigation system provides sufficient water to sustain the site. And the site were fenced with barbed wire for protection.
The technology is applied to communal land adjacent to forests and rangelands. It serves as an educational center for the local community, focusing on sustainable landscape restoration and management. A savings box was created, and a Forest and Rangeland Management Association was established. Social funds were set up, along with fencing and hiring guards for the maintenance of the technology.
Key infrastructure was established, including a solar-powered lifting system, constructed reservoirs, and a piping network for irrigation. Various forest species were planted in reforestation plots, while local seeds were planted in fodder and medicinal plots. Additionally, walnut seeds were sown in a nursery for diverse restoration practices. These efforts have revitalized the land. Barbed wire fencing was installed for protection, and the site is now fully operational as a learning site.
The introduction of this technology brought about positive changes in the local community. They have successfully quarantined forest and rangeland, implemented rotational grazing, and collected local seeds and cuttings to plant on degraded lands and riverbanks. Community-based nurseries were also established to transplant seedlings into degraded forest areas, helping to revitalize natural resources.
The local community is optimistic about the technology, particularly the reservoir construction and solar-powered lifting systems that ensure water availability, as well as the restoration techniques employed. However, they expressed concerns about interference from neighbors, livestock grazing, floods that can clog pumps, and damage from hail and windstorms to solar panels.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2023

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

FAO- GEF-07 Combating land degradation and biodiversity loss by promoting sustainable rangeland management and biodiversity conservation in Afghanistan (GEF7)

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

• serves as educational centre for the local community on sustainable landscape restoration and management

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 林牧业

注释:

Due to poor management, the land has been overgrazed. To address this, we established a learning site focused on restoration through various interventions: reforestation, fodder and medicinal plant demonstration plots, and a 50-square-meter nursery for sapling production. The site is protected by fencing to prevent herders from grazing, allowing them to collect fodder instead. Some fodder is left in the field to produce seeds for natural regeneration.
Forest and Rangeland Management Association focuses on:
Local seed collection: Gathering native seeds to enhance biodiversity and ensure ecosystem resilience.
Ecotourism development: Encouraging visitors to explore the sites, fostering appreciation for local flora and fauna while supporting conservation efforts.
Regeneration of native species: Implementing strategies to restore and regenerate various native plant species, which play crucial roles in maintaining ecological balance.
Fodder production for silage: Cultivating high-quality fodder crops that contribute to livestock nutrition and support sustainable agriculture.
Sapling production through nurseries: Establishing nurseries dedicated to growing saplings of native forest species as well as fruit and nut trees, which can be used for reforestation, habitat restoration efforts and generating income.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

注释:

The area is a dry mountainous terrain with natural vegetation including wild olive, mazari palm, hopbush, and grasses. It supports nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralism, primarily grazing goats, sheep, and cows.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Near the learning site, a gully and springs provide a year-round water source. We have installed a solar-powered lifting system and constructed three reservoirs to distribute water across 20 hectares, including the planted areas and demonstration plots. A network of pipes and taps with flexible hoses ensures efficient water distribution. This water source is exclusively for this site and does not affect neighboring villages or farmers.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 森林种植管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The whole area 20 hectares have been fenced with barbed wire, under the structure measures, reservoirs have been constructed and dug pits for plants.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

The local community relies on natural resources for their livelihoods, leading to deforestation, overgrazing, and the uprooting of shrubs and bushes for fuel. Severe runoff, droughts, and climate change have further contributed to environmental degradation.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
• 适应土地退化

注释:

An educational center (learning site) has been established on degraded land to enhance the capacity of the local community and other stakeholders about best practices for landscape restoration.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Conduction of survey, feasibility study, and site selection	1st month
2.	Finding of water source	2nd month
3.	Installation of solar power lifting system	4rd month
4.	Construction of reservoirs	5th month
5.	Installation of irrigation piping system	12th-1st month of the year
6.	Saplings delivered by supplier to the site from contracted nurseries	1st-2th month
7.	Planting of saplings	2-3rdmonth
8.	Preparation of two demonstration plots for fodder and medicinal plants	3rd month
9.	Planting of seeds for fodder and medicinal plants	3rd month
10.	Installation of barbed wire fencing for 20 hectares	7-9th month
11.	Ensurance of operation and maintenance of all systems	24th month

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Installation of solar system and pipe installation	Person/day	100.0	6.0	600.0
劳动力	Digging pits, plantation and irrigation of Plants	Person/day	453.0	6.0	2718.0	100.0
劳动力	Excavation of foundation	Person/day	80.0	5.0	400.0
劳动力	Preparing demonstration plots for fodder and medicinal plants	Square meter	25000.0	0.13	3250.0	100.0
劳动力	Stone Masonry	Person/day	136.0	6.0	816.0
劳动力	Plastering	Person/day	72.0	5.0	360.0
劳动力	Plain cement concrete	Person/day	57.0	5.0	285.0
劳动力	Plain cement concrete PCC M20	Person/day	390.0	5.0	1950.0
设备	Entrance Gate	Number	1.0	200.0	200.0
设备	Solar panel 400W	Sheet	26.0	140.0	3640.0
设备	Rotating PV panel mount	Number	3.0	350.0	1050.0
设备	Submersible pump 2 inch (10PH-7500W)	Number	1.0	300.0	300.0
设备	DC-AC current inverter 7.5-11kw	Number	1.0	200.0	200.0
设备	Distribution board	Number	1.0	75.0	75.0
设备	Sign board	Number	3.0	3.0	9.0
设备	Sign board	Number	1.0	150.0	150.0
植物材料	Walnut	Sapling	2000.0	0.56	1120.0
植物材料	Almond	Sapling	500.0	0.67	335.0
植物材料	Mulberry	Sapling	100.0	0.44	44.0
植物材料	Pomegranate	Sapling	500.0	0.51	255.0
植物材料	Alfalfa seed	Kg	50.0	2.72	136.0
植物材料	Black Cumin seed	Kg	15.0	6.72	100.8
施工材料	Tap	Number	30.0	3.0	90.0
施工材料	Flexon 1 inch rubberized pipes	Meter	1250.0	2.0	2500.0
施工材料	DC current wire	Meter	100.0	2.0	200.0
施工材料	AC current wire	Meter	150.0	2.0	300.0
施工材料	Polyethylene pipe 1.5 inch	Meter	2000.0	2.0	4000.0
施工材料	Polyethylene pipe 2 inch	Meter	780.0	3.0	2340.0
施工材料	Polyethylene pipe 3 inch	Meter	300.0	5.0	1500.0
其它	Delivery to the site	Lump sum	1.0	300.0	300.0
其它	Galvanized iron pipe 2 inch for pillar	Meter	125.0	5.0	625.0
其它	Galvanized iron pipe 1.5 inch for bracing	Number	470.0	10.5	4935.0
其它	Fence	Meter	15.0	25.0	375.0
其它	Double strand galvanized barbed wire for fencing	Meter	4200.0	0.25	1050.0
技术建立所需总成本					36208.8
技术建立总成本，美元					36208.8

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

FAO

注释:

The land users contributed primarily by digging pits for planting, preparing demonstration plots, and maintaining the system. Additionally, they hired guards to protect the area from disturbances. All other costs associated with the project were covered by the FAO.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Removal of sediment from reservoirs	Spring/annually
2.	Safeguarding the site such as solar system, and on-site interventions	All seasons/regular
3.	Repairing solar system & water pump and pipes	Regularly
4.	Demonstration plots maintenance (pest-diseases control, mulching, weeding and Irrigation	Spring & Automn/annually
5.	Replacing dead and dried plants	Feb/two times (1st & 2nd year)
6.	Repairing fencing	Year around

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour for cleaning the reservoir from sediment annually	Person/day	15.0	5.0	75.0	100.0
劳动力	Hiring guards for safeguarding the site	Person/day	12.0	100.0	1200.0	100.0
劳动力	Fixing pump when needed	Lump sum	1.0	50.0	50.0	100.0
劳动力	Repairing pipes	Lump Sum	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
劳动力	Repairing solar panel when required	Lump sum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
劳动力	Weed control	Person/day	10.0	5.0	50.0	100.0
劳动力	Integrated Pest Management	Lump sum	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
劳动力	Irrigation	Person/day	8.0	50.0	400.0	100.0
植物材料	Saplings	Number	1500.0	0.56	840.0	100.0
植物材料	Local Seed	Kg	15.0	26.0	390.0	100.0
施工材料	Barbed wire	meter	3000.0	0.14	420.0	100.0
其它	Replacing dead and dried plants	Lump sum	1.0	300.0	300.0
技术维护所需总成本					4830.0
技术维护总成本，美元					4830.0

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Construction materials cost

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The site is situated near a forest and rangeland, with a gentle slope of approximately 45 degrees and an elevation of 1,279.49 meters above sea level. Surrounding mountains are covered with wild olive forests.

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The water quality meets site requirements; however, seasonal fluctuations occur due to droughts. Floods in the lower gully, carry debris and sediments that can impact the source.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The site was rich in flora and fauna, but human and animal interference has led to significant degradation. Many indigenous plants have been uprooted, and wildlife has migrated due to the loss of habitat. In response, the community has begun to manage and restore the land through practices like rotational grazing and quarantine measures to combat illegal logging.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

Land use rights in traditional legal systems are generally straightforward, with each family in a village having equal access to natural resources.

注释:

Overall, this traditional approach emphasizes community and family roles in resource management, balancing individual rights with communal responsibilities

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

Due to three to four decades of political conflict, people lack access to essential services and infrastructure. This situation has been largely overlooked, with insufficient attention given to providing these services. Additionally, there has been a lack of budget allocation and support from the government and NGOs. As a result, communities continue to suffer from inadequate resources and infrastructure development.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		减少	非常不好
年降雨量		增加	非常不好
季雨量	夏季	增加	非常不好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地雪暴	非常不好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	非常不好
干旱	非常不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	非常不好

注释:

Before the implementation of the project land users faced severe challenges, including drought, high temperatures, water scarcity for irrigation, reduced yields, and a lack of winter feed alternatives for livestock.
Following the introduction of sustainable rangeland management and biodiversity conservation, local communities adopted rotational grazing practices and protected forests from cutting, which had previously been their main source of income. As a result, vegetation cover improved, carbon stocks increased, and rainwater began to seep into the ground, recharging the water table, springs, canals, and Karezes. These efforts reulted in a more resilient and productive environment.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

The adoption of the technology in the specified area has primarily been spontaneous, significantly influenced by the support provided by the project. While a small percentage of land users may have received material incentives, the majority embraced the technology due to its demonstrated benefits and the project's educational efforts. This support helped to build trust and confidence among the land users, enabling them to implement the technology effectively in their practices. Overall, this highlights the importance of community engagement and capacity building in fostering sustainable land management practices.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
It is crucial for local communities to learn sustainable land and forest restoration techniques. These methods are not only accessible but also involve minimal operational costs. By empowering land users with this knowledge.
We can adopt sustainable land and forest management practices to revitalize our degraded land. This learning process is straightforward and easily applicable.
We have great opportunities and abundant resources to utilize. This area serves as a hub for scaling sustainable practices, allowing us to learn, observe, and implement solutions that will benefit future generations.
We can efficiently use surface water for irrigation instead of groundwater, helping to restore degraded land through these initiatives.
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions through effective carbon sequestration.
Learn regeneration techniques, rainwater harvesting, and grazing management methods like rotational grazing. Focus on producing fodder and medicinal plants, while understanding indigenous plants and shrubs for the future.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This site is highly accessible, surrounded by dense forests and extensive rangelands that can be utilized sustainably.
Local community members, university students, and stakeholders can easily visit this site.
This site is an excellent destination for tourists to visit, enjoy, and learn about the importance of natural resources and their management techniques.
The local community can easily adopt these simple techniques to learn sustainable land and forest restoration practices.
The local community has hired guards to maintain the site effectively. They are gaining knowledge and enhancing their capacity for future interventions, contributing positively to development initiatives.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Insufficient maintenance and repair services for the technology.	Establishing strong linkages with service providers and maintenance support. This also facilitates nationwide technology transfer, enabling broader adoption and implementation of sustainable practices.
There is a lack of qualified professionals on-site to teach visitors the technical aspects of the technology. This gap hinders effective learning and limits the ability of visitors to fully understand and engage with the technology.	Hire on-farm officers to oversee and manage the learning site and provide information to visitors.
A check dam is required in the gully to store water for sustainability, especially during drought seasons when water availability decreases.	Construct a check dam in the lower section of the gully to store water for sustainability, allowing visitors to learn about water harvesting techniques.
There are currently no available resources for replacing the dead plants.	Establish nurseries for forest species to produce saplings that can replace dead and dried plants in the future.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
There are concerns about windstorms and hail potentially damaging the solar panels.	The local community should establish a social fund to cover repairs for any damage to solar panels caused by windstorms or hail, as well as to fund the installation of fencing around the solar panel stands.
Concerns have arisen regarding land disputes as the local community acts on land distribution amidst a growing population.	All villagers should receive a formal guaranteed letter, signed by the district governor, ensuring that no future actions will be taken to redistribute this site among the villagers.
There is a lack of essential water structures, such as percolation tanks and detention ponds, for effective rainwater harvesting.	Construct percolation tanks and detention ponds to harvest rainwater, which can be used to water livestock. Additionally, this initiative will provide an opportunity to learn and implement dryland farming techniques.
Too much water is wasted through flexible pipe basin irrigation methods. Additionally, required live hedges for fencing and windbreaks.	Install a drip irrigation system with an efficient piping layout and plant pine, poplar, and other trees alongside barbed wire to create a windbreak and a natural barrier for site protection. This will also provide an opportunity to learn various agricultural techniques.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

N/A

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

N/A

7.4 一般注释

The questionnaire is well-structured, but some sections, particularly 6.2 and 6.3, need simplification. Additionally, the database should provide outputs during data processing, highlighting both best practices and common mistakes related to the technology. This will help us generate a comprehensive report that showcases effective practices and identifies areas for improvement.